Boya Nayak are Kirant Mongol Race

We Kirant Mongol Race

By Chandra Prakash Sunuwar
Dhobighat, Lalitpur, Kathmandu
Email: cpsunuwar@hotmail.com

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Kiranti people are very ancient tribe in history .actually nobody khows when they came in nepal because these people are mentioned in ancient religion book of hindu like BED,PURAN,MAHABHART,SWASTHANI BRATA KATHA,HIMAVAT KHANDA ETC.These people are also mentioned in ancient Greek history, Chinese history and holy book of Sikh guru nanak.In Mahabharata once lord siba was went to nepal disguising himself as kiranti hunter and lord siba was again having incarnation of kiranti hunter and hunting around pasupatinath in SLESHMANTAK BAN.This can approved that kiranti people were already in nepal since ancient time actually no body’s knows the fact. According to Mahabharata when vimsen defeated  the seven kirant king in northern India that time to make him happy beautiful kirant ladys were bringing him mountain medicine,gold,silver and other precious things.it is also mentioned that beautiful kiranti kanya was digging the medicine in mountain with golden khurpi{a kind of tool.}Kiranti NEW YEAR it’s been already THE YEAR 5063 which is considered  The kiranti king yalamber stablish  that new year which is called YELE SAMBAT. In wallo kirant of kiranti people used to celebrate this new  year in the time of MAGHE SIRI PANCHAMI OR SUKLA PANCHAMI because these days are always considered lucky day for kiranti people.

It is believe that yalamber was formed the kingdom  in that day. This can prove that kiranti were exist before 5000 years ago.When they defeated by Litchchivi Again they formed 3 kirant kingdom in east.It is myth and believe that wallo kirant king BINICHA establish his kingdom in this precious day maghe sukla panchami.Once upon time they were not only in nepal but they used to ruled and lived from all the Himalayan range from Pakistan,Afghanistan all the Northern India like Himanchal Pradesh ,Nagaland ,Silang,Sikkim,Darjeeling to Compochia and Vietnam.Nowadays these kiranti are disappear and disguised themselves as local people for proof still you can find kulung people in TAIWAN AND CHINA They are tribe from our kulung Rai,Sunuwar are called KOICH OR KOICHI still you can find KOICH Tribe in JAPAN{LIKE KOICHI TANAKA,KOICHI SUGIYAMA,KOICHI NAKATA,KOICHI TOGO,KOICHI MURAYAMA ETC}.In sunuwar language koich for male and koichim for woman exactly Japanese tribe said koich for male and koichim for women. They are very famous tribe or surname they are considered migrated from china before 5000 YEARS ago. so on ancient kiranti were NAGA from Assam and Burma.KHAMER from Cambodia{Who believe their ancestor were kiranti and came from Assam.Khamerouge or khamer guerrillas are world famous and well known people.khamer empire was so  large who  used to rule all Indochina,Thailand,Vietnam,laos,malayasia part of china. According to professor GERRY NORMAN AND TSU-LIU MEI Mon Khmer kiranti people meet Chinese in Yangtze region between 1000 BC and 500 BC. Yangtze king valley was non Chinese specially Khmer kirant used to live}KHASI from silang,LEPCHA from sikkim,DRUKPA from Bhutan, HAZARA tribe from Afghanistan and Pakistan as well{Who used to build giant tallest stone BUDDHA in Afghanistan but this was destroyed by Taliban  hitting by missile during the Taliban regime}.Even kiranti language on the basis of verbal agreement morphology the kiranti family has been compared to the QIANGIC and NUNGISH groups spoken Respectively in Sichuan china and the china - Burma Boarder area which is written by {THURGOOD 1984}It can prove that ancient kiranti were completely disguised and vanished themselves in local people of that country. According to Sunuwar kirant bansawali Assamis and Tripura people were same race with kiranti.The Tripura people are considered part of Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group.Origionally they migrated from near the Upper courses of YANGTZE KIANG and HWANG HO river in western china. long before the SUI DYNESTY came to power. At the time of migration they were ANIMIST. So it may be reasonably assumed that they migrated before 65 AD, The year Buddhism was introduced in china. The Common reference to these people as KIRANTS AND CINAS in the early SANSKRIT TEXTS OF India unmistakably indicates that they came down to the Assam valley long before the dawn of Christian era. Tripura were able to expand their influence as far as CHITTAGONG, as far west as COMILLA and NOAKHALI.Not only Nepal but Tripura as well known as KIRANT DESHE{LAND OF KIRANT} In ancient time and assumed migrated during hunting age according to anthropology. MANIPUR AND HASTINAPUR city was so famous and centre of civilization in ancient India. There is too many myth and legendary folk tales about ancient Manipuri kiranti king and civilization. These people were BALI PUJAK.the way of worship{Bali puja bidhi}of kamacha Devi’s temple in Assam is considered kiranti bidhi{way}.  KOTI HOM was kiranti dharma{Bali puja}Still the wallo kiranti sunuwar celebrate this koti home puja.It’s called GIL PUJA which you have to sacrifice 360 animal of earth and all sort of grain of earth, you have to prepare hundred of thousand of MURIS wine. Hundred of jhakri,bijuwa and many different kind of NASO{Mundhum pujari} continues praying. In ancient time it used to long last more then 6 month. This gil puja is very expensive you can’t do by yourself  has to be done by community so this koti hom or gil puja start to disappear Which one is greatest kiranti religion According to sunuwar kirant bansawali when the kirant come down from the Mongolia to the Indian continent and start to migrate to westward of Himalayan range from Assam to nepal who left in northern India these kirants are called Naga,gora,bora,chapera,villa,khasia. Still these people are pure mongoloied people. The rest one branch of kiranti who entered the nepal and start to ruled.Decendant of these kirantis later became sunuwar ,rai,limbu and yakha.

When kirantis were defeated from Kathmandu valley again they regrouped and establish 3 kirant kingdom in east like WALLO KIRANT,MAJH KIRANT AND PALLO KIRANT.This new kirant kingdom was start from SANGA BHANJYANG HILL in Kathmandu{from west} to SIKKIM IN{east}.They  marked the Boarder with erecting THARO{ancient way of marking the boarder}.

SUNUWAR are called wallo kirant,Rai are called majh kirant,and limbus are called pallo kirant.That time First king of wallo kirant was king Binicha whose kingdom was Bhuji kot gaun in Ramechchap district. Then after other kings And queens were MAFAI RANI MAFAI RAJA,GOLMA RANI GOLMA RAJA,CHUPHAI RANI CHUPHAI RAJA,KALO RANI KALO RAJA,HUNPIN RANI HUPIN RAJA,THAKU RANI THAKU RAJA,GOSAI RANI GOSAI RAJA,NAISA RANI NAISA RAJA etc but these things only left in secret mantra of {Dhami,Jhakri,Bijuwa,Nasho,Baidang and Mundum}Pureley which was recorded in Bhag pahilo kiranti bansawali it is myth that it was written with the blood and gold so you can see blood golden colour. Which was purely written in KAIKE{ancient kiranti script, Nowadays wallo kiranti people trying to copy that kaike lipi by the help of old peoples which is already released long time ago. If you interested then you can find in sunuwar welfare society}. All of these proof and precious book were destroyed by rana government. That time they were specially  open office for to destroy all of these recorded historical book,bansawali,lal mohar,tamra patra,silapatra ,bhoj patra of kiranti people. Office was used to called Jatiya nasta bivag(Gopal guung}.kirantichap darwar of dolakha district which was built by wallo kiranti king, same thing kiranti dhara and chautara of mirge village of dolakha district was build by wallo kiranti king still this Dhara is called Banja Dhara by local Tamang people that means sunuwar kiranti dhara in Tamang language. Still there is many kiranti grave in Jiri,Sindhupalchok and Kavre palanchok,Chyane,Trisule in Thulopatal{Village Development Committee} of dolakha district. Ancient kirant were fierce fighter, deft archers hunters and trappers so still kiranti sunuwar are called DUWAL BANDHI SIKARI.In ancient time sunuwar people they used to take A DALO{Basket} of humming bird{Phista chara},Leg of WILD BOAR,DEER{Specially jharl and ghoral}and wines in marriage proposal because he has to show the hunting skill. As being hunter. By gone days when other tribes apart from kirant  if they go in jungle or top of the hill they used to say {Rachcha gara sikari kirant}.Still in village people scared to become sick in time of morning, evening and place like top of the hill, jungle because they have belief kiranti archer shoot the arrow on them if they show disrespect in such place. Still in chandi festival they kill the buffalo and pigs by shooting arrow  keeping their hunting tradition. When they get angry they crossed the border it’s extreme so they are given symbol name of CHITUWA AND KIRUWA.When the gurkha kingdom seized the land of kirant with the help of conspiracy kirantis were given many many positions and greed’s like MUKHIYA,SUBBA,RAI,DEWAN,GIMI,GIMWAL,THALU,PANCHAYEN,GAURUN and TAMRAPATRA,LAL MOHOR Which they have done guarantee that kiranti lands always belongs to kiranti.Which can never seized by others .like in Limbus tamra patra it is written and sign by prithivinarayan shah. In that tamra patra it says{UDHO JAGAR,UBHO BAGAR KHOLAKO TITE MANCHA SAMMA TOLAI,AKAS KO CHANDRA SURYE PATALKO BASUKI YEDI MERA SANTAN LE TERHA PUSTA BHITRA TERA RAJYA PHIRTA NADIYE NEPAL KHALBALINE CHA}.Same thing sunuwar has Lal mohar. During the Rana period very known and legendary  THALU WAS PARAT JIJICHA SUNUWAR.Who got the royal seal from rana government at that time appointing THALU {position} of all eastern kiranti region. He can go as far as he like to decide the reeds{mudda}He was the ultimate power above the law in that area. He used to born in Ward no 3 surke village development committee in Rasnalu.He used to be very wealthy man. He had 500 cattle’s uncountable Goats,Sheeps and land which you cannot view bye your naked eye need to walk whole day to cover it. His descendant are still alive if we try to find more about  him then certainly we can get more knowledge about him.      

The Kiratas (Sanskrit) mentioned in early Hindu texts are the tribals or Adivasi (aborigines) of the land. They are mentioned along with Cinas (Chinese). The Kirata (Sanskrit) is a generic term in Sanskrit literature for people who lived in the mountains, particularly in the Himalayas and North-East India and who were Mongoloid in origin. They are mentioned along with Cinas (Chinese), and were different from the Nishadas.[1] They are first mentioned in the Yajurveda (Shukla XXX.16; Krisha III.4,12,1), and in the Atharvaveda (X.4,14) . Yajur Veda describing the "handsome" mountain people and hunters in the forests and deadly warriors. In Manu's Dharmashastra (X.44) they are mentioned as degraded Kshatriyas, which meant that they were considered to be of advanced civilization, but outside the ambit of Brahminical influence. It is speculated that the term is a Sanskritization of a Sino-Tibetan tribal name, like that of Kirant or Kiranti of eastern Nepal. Kirati languages belong to Tibeto-Burman family of Languages . Kiratas have been identified as the present day Rai, Limbu and Sunuwar of Nepal. Ghatotkacha of Mahabharata fame (Son of Bhima) was a Kirata Chieftain.In Yoga Vasistha 1.15.5 Rama speaks of kirAteneva vAgurA, "a trap [laid] by Kiratas", so about BCE Xth Century, they were thought of as jungle trappers, the ones who dug pits to capture roving deer. The same text also speaks of King Suraghu, the head of the Kiratas who is a friend of the Persian King, Parigha.The most famous Kiratas in Hinduism.


Kirata Kingdom in Sanskrit literature and Hindu mythology refers to any kingdom of the Kirata people, who were dwellers mostly in the Himalayas (mostly eastern Himalaya) and North-East India. They took part in the Kurukshetra War along with Parvatas (mountaineers) and other Himalayan tribes. They were wide-spread in the folds and valleys of Himalayas in Nepal and Bhutan, and in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and Tripura.

Though dwelling in the Himalayas and other inaccessible regions, Kiratas did not get the status of super-humans enjoyed by other tribes like the Gandharvas, Kinnaras, Kimpurushas and Yakshas. This was probably because of their greater interaction with the Vedic people, which resulted in their de-mystification.

The Kirats were the aborigines of north-eastern Himalayas . According to Baburam Acharya, they came to Nepal in about 700 B.C. and ruled over it. They were short and had robust bodies, broad cheeks, flat noses, thin whiskers, and dark eyes. They were well trained in the art of warfare, and were very skilful archers. They were the ancestors of the present day Kiratas: - Kulung, Thulung and Yellung. Yalamber, the first Kirati king of Nepal belonged to the Yellung clan.

According to the Kiranti genealogy, collected by Wright, twenty-nine Kings of the Kirant dynasty ruled over Nepal for 1,118 years. Some historians claim, the number of Kirati rulers was not twenty-nine but thirty-two. Irrespective of the number, the fact is that Yalambar was the first and Gasti was the last king of this dynasty

Altogether, there were 29 kings of this dynasty who ruled over Nepal for about 1225 years But according to kirant bansawali record there is 34 kiranti king who ruled the Nepal . According to the chronicle (Bamsavali) of Kirkpatrick, Kiratas ruled over Nepal from about 900 B.C. to 300 A.D. During this long period, altogether 29 Kirat Kings ruled over the country'.

The twenty-nine Kings were : 1.Yalambar 2.Pari 3. Skandhar 4.Balamba 5.Hriti 6.Humati 7.Jitedasti 8.Galinja 9.Oysgja 10.Suyarma 11.Papa 12.Bunka 13.Swawnanda 14.Sthunko 15.Jinghri 16.nane 17.luka 18.Thor 19.Thoko 20.Verma 21.Guja 21.Guja 22.Pushkar 23.kKeshu 24.Suja 25.Sansa 26.Gunam 27.Khimbu 28.Patuka 29.Gasti

On the basis of the Puranas and other ancient religious texts, it is presumed that the Kiratas ruled in Nepal after Gopal and Mahipal. The first king of the Kiratas was Yalamber, who defeated Bhuvan Singh, the last king of Ahir dynasty and established Kirat rule in Nepal . He extended his kingdom as far as the Tista river in the east and the Trishuli in the west. It is said that during the battle of Mahabharata, Yalamber went to witness the battle with a view to take the side of the losing party. Lord Krishna, knowing the intention of Yalamber and the strength and unity of the Kiratas, thought that the war would unnecessarily be prolonged if Yalamber sided with the Kauravas. So, by a clever stroke of diplomacy, Lord Krishna cut off Yalamber's head.Here I would like to describe how yalambers head landed in Nepal and later became worship place of nepali the AKASH BHAIRAB.

Akash Bhairav, the temple of the Kirat King slain during the epic battle of Mahabharata………….
The Kirats are the first documented rulers of the Kathmandu Valley . The remains of their palace are said to be in Patan near Hiranyavarna Mahavihara (called “Patukodon”).

The first and best remembered king was Yalambar. Legend has it that when Yalamber heard about the great battle that was fought in the distant plains of Kurukshetra, he too wanted to participate in this battle. So donning a fierce and silver mask of Bhairab, the Lord of Terror, he went with his army. At the battle field he was met by Lord Krishna who asked him whose side he was on. He replied that he would take the side of the   losing army. Lord Krishna fearing that the fearsome warrior would join the Kauravas, decapitated his head with such force that it flew past the Himalayas to Kathmandu and rested at the place where the Akash Bhairab temple now stands. The temple, a three storey structure now stands in the busy square of Indra Chowk But according to sunuwar kiranti bansawali it was not yalamber but was kirant eklabya who went to mahabharat war taking only 3 arrows which he can destroy heaven,earth and hell.Even krisna was not mighty like him so he killed him with the help of conspiracy.

Nepal is a very ancient country, which was ruled by many dynasties in the past. Among them, the Kirant rule is taken as a very significant one, being the longest period that extended from pre-historic to historic period. In ancient Hindu scriptures, Nepal is referred as the "Kirant Desh" or "the Land of Kirants ".

Kirants were indigenous people of Mongolian race with stout and short stature, high cheekbones, flat noses, narrow black eyes and thin moustaches and beards. They were brave and doughty warriors and very deft archers. Before the advent of the Kirants, there were Ahir and Abhir rule in the valley. Yalambar, the first Kirant King, overthrew the last king of Abhir dynasty Bhuban Shima. Thus, after defeating the last ruler of Abhir dynasty, Yalambar laid the foundation of the Kirat dynasty that lasted for about 1225 years. When Kirants occupied the valley, they made Matatirtha their capital. The Kirant kingdom during the rule of Yalambar had extended to All mountain range in west to afganstan and assam to the  East. The Kirants revere him as the God King.

It was during the rule of Jitedasti, the 7th Kirant king, Lord Gautama Buddha visited the valley with his several disciples. He visited the holy places of Swayambhu, Suheswari, etc and preached his religious gospels. Kirants in the valley refused to follow his doctrine, but welcomed Lord Buddha and his disciples. It is also said that King Jitedasti had helped the Pandavas in the battle of Mahabharata. It shows, of course, a historical anachronism; because according to another legend, the battle Mahabharata had taken place during the regime of King Yalambar.

During the rule of the 4th Kirant King Sthunko about 2250 BC, the Indian Emperor Ashoka had his inspections engraved on rocks and a stone-pillar. The pillar known as Ashoka-pillar still stands in Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha. This historical monument was unknown to the world until Dr. Fuher discovered it in December 1985. Nepal Government has prepared a master-plan to protect and develop the Lumbini region as a religious tourism destination.

Emperor Ashoka also came to the Kathmandu Valley later. His daughter Princess Charumati accompanied him. During his stay in the valley, he built four stupas in four directions and one in the centre of Patan. These monuments speak of the historical fact of Ashoka's visit to the valley. Another fact is he arranged his daughter Charumati's marriage with a local young Prince named Devpal. Prince Devpal and his consort Charumati lived at Chabahil, near the Pashupatinath temple area. Later, Charumati built the touss of Devpatan after the death of her husband in his memory. Charumati who later on became a nun also got erected a convent where she resided and practiced Lord Buddha's doctrine.

Buddhism, thus entered Nepal and flourished during the liberal rule of the Kirant dynasty. Like Buddhism, another religious doctrine Jainism was being preached the same time by Mahavir Jain in India . In this regard, Bhadrabhau, a disciple of Mahavir Jain came to Nepal in about 300 BC when the 17th Kirant king Jinghri was ruling. But comparatively, Jainism could not gain popularity like Buddhism in Nepal .

When the 28th Kirant King Paruka was ruling in the valley, the Sombanshi ruler attacked his regime many times from the west. Although he successfully repelled their attacks, he was forced to move to Shankhamul from Gokarna. He had built a Royal Palace called "Patuka" there for himself. The Patuka Palace is no more to be seen, except its ruins in the form of mound. "Patuka" had changed Shankhamul into a beautiful town. The last King of the Kirant dynasty was Gasti. He proved to be a weak ruler and was overthrown by the Sombanshi ruler Nimisha. It brought to the end of the powerful Kirant dynasty that had lasted for about 1225 years.

After their defeat, Kirants moved to the eastern hills of Nepal and settled down divided into small principalities. Their settlements were divided into three regions; namely, "Wallo-Kirant" or "near Kirant"{SUNUWAR} that lied to the East of Kathmandu,From Banepa to Dudh koshi "Majh-Kirant"{RAI} or "central Kirant"From Dudh koshi to Arun koshi and "Pallo-Kirant"{LIMBU} that lied to the far east of the Kathmandu valley From Arun koshi to sikkim. These regions are still heavily populated by Kirants.Among the 3 kirant’s Sunuwar are the least in number because they were the main shield for kiranti region situated in west.Whatever the invasion come from enemy they would be prime target.Since lichavi,malla and shah period they were facing prime attack.There is myth when malla king stablish his palace or fort to capture kiranti region in Dolakha.Wallo kiranti king were keep fighting with them and succeed to repeal.So they were saving kipata of kiranti but finally they loose with shah king not with the war but consipiracy.Later they easily capture majh kirant but stuck in pallo kirant because limbus seen what’s happen in wallo kirant and majh kirant already.Wallo kiranti warrior helped prithivi narayan to capture kirtipur which he lost twice. Finally kiranti warrior succeeds to capture and make him victorious. They were doing this because to make him happy and not to attack kiranti land but instead he overrun later.

MUKHIYA title was given by prithivi narayan shah for sunuwar not to rebel against gorkha kingdom.That time mukhiya position was very big and powerfull it means Head Man of wallo kiranti region.They used to collect all tax from that region.
CIVILISATION AND CULTURE DURING KIRAT PERIOD

The long rule of the Kirants manifests that they were strong and well organized people. Their society, administrative system and economy were well organized. Later, their successors Lichchhavis also gave due importance to their legacy. They exerted great influences not only in the valley, but also outside of it in the eastern region. We still find many places, hills and rivers that are named in Kirant languages.

Kirants enjoyed a free and open society. There was no gender discrimination. To facilitate justice system in the public, law courts were established at many places and effective laws were made to deal with crimes and offences. Nepal had trade link with India , Tibet (then a free country) and China . Nepalese businessmen carried out trade with these countries. Nepal chiefly exported wool, woollen goods, timber and herbs. Chanakya has mention in his famous book "Kautilya Arthasastra" that Nepalese blankets had a big market in Bihar , then called Magadh. As there was more financial prosperity in trade, more people were engaged in business than in agriculture. This factor also led to the migration of people of different racial origins with their own customs and cultures to Nepal . In course of time, these people merged into the main national system and formed part of a nation, thus helping to create and develop a healthy feeling of nationalism and brotherhood.

By religion, Kirants were originally nature worshippers. They worshipped the sun, the moon, rivers, trees, animals and stones. Their primeval deities are Paruhang and Sumnima. Hinduism was introduced to and imposed on the Kirants only after the conquest of Gorkhali rulers whose root was in India . Kirants were quite tolerant and liberal to other religions. That was why Buddhism flourished during the Kirant rule in Nepal . Buddhism had rekindled a new interest and attitude among the people. Kirants had also built many towns. Shankhamul, Matatirtha, Thankot, Khopse, Bhadgoan and Sanga were prosperous cities with dense population. Thus, it can be safely said that the Kirant period had paved the way for further development and progress of Nepal in all sectors in future

References in Mahabharata

The Yamas, Kamvojas, Gandharas, Kiratas and Barbaras were mentioned together as northern tribes at (12,206). In the Krita age, they were nowhere on earth (meaning Ancient India). It is from the Treta age that they have had their origin and began to multiply. When the terrible period came, joining Treta and the Dwapara, the Kshatriyas, approaching one another, engaged themselves in battle.---Another group comprising Andrakas, Guhas, Pulindas, Savaras, Chuchukas, Madrakas were also mentioned along with the first group.

The Yavanas, the Kiratas, the Gandharvas, the Chinas, the Savaras, the Barbaras, the Sakas, the Tusharas, the Kankas, the Pathavas, the Andhras, the Madrakas, the Paundras, the Pulindas, the Ramathas, the Kamvojas were mentioned together as tribes beyond the kingdoms of Aryavarta. The Aryavarta-kings had doubts on dealing with them. (12,64)

Kiratas in the list of ancient Indian kingdom

Kiratas were mentioned as an ancient Indian tribe along with the Pundras, the Bhargas the Sudeshnas, and the Yamunas, the Sakas etc and again along with the Sudra-Abhiras, the Dardas, the Kasmiras, and the Pattis; the Khasiras; the Atreyas, the Bharadwajas, the Stanaposhikas, the Poshakas, the Kalingas, the Tomaras, the Hansamargas, and the Karamanjakas; at(6,9)

Kiratas as a Mlechha tribe

Kiratas were mentioned along with Khasas, Chivukas and Pulindas and Chinas, Hunas, Pahlavas, Sakas, Yavanas, Savaras, Paundras, Kanchis, Dravidas, Sinhalas and Keralas. All these tribes were described as Mlechha tribes. Here they were described as the protectors of sage Vasistha and his cow against the attack of king Viswamitra. (1,177).Kiranti were enemy of indo Aryan vedic people who always fought against them. Mleccha (from Vedic Sanskrit  mleccha, meaning "non-Aryan, barbarian") is a derogatory term for people who did not conform with the moral and religious norms of the Indo-Aryan society. The term is not attested in the Vedas, but occurs for the first time in the late Vedic text Shatapatha Brahmana. The law giver Baudhâyana defines a Mleccha as someone "who eats cow meat or indulges in self-contradictory statements or is devoid of righteousness and purity of conduct."That time of kiranti people used to eat cow meat. In the epic Mahabharata, some Mleccha warriors are described as having "heads completely shaved or half-shaved or covered with matted locks, [as being] impure in habits, and of crooked faces." They are "dwellers of hills" and "denizens of mountain-caves." In ancient India , this term was also applied by the Aryan kingdoms to foreigners. In Bhagavata Purana and medieval literature, such as that of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the term is used in the context of meat eaters, outcastes.Most of these mentioned mlechcha tribe were mongoloied people from central asia.Like khasas belive to be from khasakastan they were mongoloied people.

Territories of Kiratas

Kirata territories extended along the Himalayan belt of mountain ranges.

Kiratas of diverse regions in ancient India

Numberless chiefs of the Kiratas, armed with hunting weapons and ever engaged in hunting activities, eating of fruits and roots and attired in skins (animal-skins or tree-barks), were mentioned to dwell on the northern slopes of the Himavat (Tibet) and on the mountain from behind which the sun rises (Arunachal Pradesh) and in the region of Karusha on the sea-coast (could be the mouths of Ganga in Bangladesh or the mouths of Sindhu in Pakistan) and on both sides of the Lohitya mountains (in eastern Assam and western Arunachal Pradesh). They were mentioned as bringing tribute to Yudhisthira during his Rajasuya sacrifice. They brought with them, loads upon loads of sandal and aloe as also black aloe, and heaps upon heaps of valuable skins and gold and perfumes, and ten thousand serving-girls of their own race, and many beautiful animals and birds of remote countries, and much gold of great splendour procured from mountains (2,51). The Kairatas (Kiratas), the Daradas, the Darvas, the Suras, the Vaiamakas, the Audumvaras, the Durvibhagas, the Kumaras, the Paradas along with the Vahlikas, the Kashmiras, the Ghorakas also were mentioned, here as bringin tributes

The various tribes of Kiratas were mentioned along with the Pahlavas and the Daradas and Yavanas and Sakas and the Harahunas and Chinas and Tukharas and the Sindhavas and the Jagudas and the Ramathas and the Mundas and the inhabitants of the kingdom of women and the Tanganas and the Kekayas and the Malavas and the inhabitants of Kasmira. They were described as accepting the sway of Yudhisthira, performing various offices in his palace. (3,51)

The Kiratas, fierce in battle, dwelling in the fastness of Himavat, were vanquished by Karna for the sake of Duryodhana (7,4).Actually kiranti territories in past was too huge which is not only in east asia but also in west as far as ancient messopotamia present day of IRAQ. Sir Jhon Hammerton ancient history it's been said that there is relation between Kirat civilization and ancient Babylon and Mesopotamia.What it can clearly prove that kiranti were known in west as well not only in Indian continent.

Kiratas under the Himalayan kingdom called Pulinda

Pulinda king is described as the king of Kiratas also at (2,4). He is said to attend the inauguration of the new court of Pandava king Yudhisthira at Indraprastha along with many other kings of Ancient India (Bharata Varsha). His kingdom lied to close to the Kailas range in Tibet.

Domains of king Suvahu, the lord of the Pulindas, is mentioned as situated on the Himalayas abounding in horses and elephants, densely inhabited by the Kiratas and the Tanganas, crowded by hundreds of Pulindas, frequented by the exotic tribes, and rife with wonders. Pandavas stayed here for some time on their onward-journey to the Himalayan regions (3,140).

Then all those warriors, viz the Pandavas having in due course happily lived at Badari (Badrinath, Uttarakhand), for one month, proceeded towards the realm of Suvahu, king of the Kiratas, by following the same track by which they had come. And crossing the difficult Himalayan regions, and the countries of China, Tukhara, Darada and all the climes of Kulinda, rich in heaps of jewels, those warlike men reached the capital of Suvahu (3,176).

Their final destination was the source of Yamuna. Thus they could have made a circular path, from Badari (Badrinath) to Tibet and Kashmir and finally to Himachal Pradesh.

Kiratas under Paundraka Vasudeva

There was a king named Paundraka Vasudeva, who was an enemy of Vasudeva Krishna. This king used to dress like Vasudeva Krishan and mock him. He mentioned to rule over the kingdoms of Vanga (West Bengal), Pundra (north-Bangladesh) and Kiratas (2,14). The Kiratas mentioned here were those lived in northern hilly regions of West Bengal, like the Darjiling area.

Kiratas under Bhagadatta

Kiratas (of Bhutan) and Chinas were mentioned as forming the army of Pragjyotisha (Assam) king Bhagadatta (5,19). This army took part in the Kurukshetra War for the sake of Kauravas and its size was one Akshouhini (a huge army unit).

Kiratas conquered by Bhima

Bhima, during his military campaign in the eastern countries to collect tribute for Pandava king Yudhisthira's Rajasuya sacrifice, conquered Kirata kings, close to the Videha Kingdom

Bhima, the son of Pandu, sending forth expeditions from Videha Kingdom, conquered the seven kings of the Kiratas living about the Indra mountain (2,29). These were considered to be the Kiriatas in Nepal.

Kiratas conquered by Nakula

Nakula during his military campaign in the western countries to collect tribute for Pandava king Yudhisthira's Rajasuya sacrifice, conquered Kiratas in the western hills

Nakula, the son of Pandu, then reduced to subjection the fierce Mlechchas residing on the sea coast (in Karachi area), as also the wild tribes of the Palhavas (an Iranian tribe), the Kiratas, the Yavanas and the Sakas (2,31). These Kiratas lied in the western mountains in Pakistan.

Kiratas in Kurukhsetra War

Kiratas (of Bhutan) and Chinas were part of the one Akshouhini of troops of Pragjyotisha (Assam) king Bhagadatta who joined the side of the Kauravas(5,19).

Western Kiratas were mentioned along with the Sakas, and Yavanas, the Sivis and the Vasatis as marching in the huge army of Kauravas (5,198). The Sakas, the Kiratas, the Yavanas, and the Pahlavas were mentioned in a battle-array formed by the Kauravas (6,20). Similarly they are mentioned in another battle-array formed on another day at (6,50).

Words of Satyaki a Yadava chief on the side of Pandavas, during Kurukshetra War:- Those other elephants 700 in number, all cased in armour and ridden by Kiratas, and decked with ornaments, the king of the Kiratas, desirous of his life, had formerly presented to Arjuna. These were formerly employed in doing good to Yudhisthira. Behold the vicissitudes that time brings about, for these are now battling against Yudhisthira. Those elephants are ridden by Kiratas difficult of defeat in battle. They are accomplished in fighting from elephants, and are all sprung from the race of Agni. Formerly, they were all vanquished in battle by Arjuna. They are now waiting for me carefully, under the orders of Duryodhana. Slaying with my shafts these Kiratas difficult of defeat in battle, I shall follow in the track of Arjuna (7,109).

The Tusharas, the Yavanas, the Khasas, the Darvabhisaras, the Daradas, the Sakas, the Kamathas, the Ramathas, the Tanganas the Andhrakas (obivously not the southern Andhras), the Pulindas, the Kiratas of fierce prowess, the Mlecchas, the Mountaineers, and the races hailing from the sea-side, were all united in battle for the purpose of the Kaurava king Duryodhana. (8,73)

The ruler of the Kiratas died in battle (8,5).

A Naga named Lohita was mentioned at (2,9) along with other prominent Naga {kiranti} kings like Vasuki, Takshaka and Airavata.

Naga King Lohita ruled a territory close to the Kasmira. Arjuna has visited this kingdom during his military campaign to the north, to collect tribute for Yudhisthira's Rajasuya sacrifice. :- Arjuna then defeated the brave Kshatriyas of Kashmira and also kirant king Lohita along with ten minor chiefs. (2,26).Having acknoledgement bravery and honesty of kiranti people later Arjuna became so much impressed with this kiranti people of asssam and decided to make permanent friendship with kiranti people so he was mentioned married with naga kiranti lady of manipur. Mahabharata tradition of being the seat of the Naga king Citravahana, whose daughter Citrangada was married to Arjuna.Ancient kiranti were nature worshipper and used to worship snake as well.This kind of all ancient religion were adopted or stolen by this indo Aryan people and made their religion.The snake - worship is more widely distributed and developed in more interesting forms, among the various tribes of Assam. Among the Khasis of Assam the most remarkable form of serpent-worship is that of U Thlen, a gigantic snake which demands to be appeased by the sacrifice of human victims, and for whose sake murders have been committed.In ancient time the ancestral god of the royal family is a snake called Pakhangba. The Rabhas worship a serpent God which once dwelt in a cave and was propitiated by the annual sacrifice of a boy and a girl.Because of this reason kiranteshore mahadev always seems carring snake on his neck.Manipur kiranti land in ancient time was so much developed and wealthy. Literally, the word ‘Manipur’ means a jewel of a land, and the state is set like a gem in the wavy mountains. According to legend, Lord Shiva and his wife Parvati danced in the valleys of Manipur accompanied with the Ghandharvas to the celestial light of Mani (jewel) from the head of the Atishesha, a serpant and that is how it has come to be called Manipuri. This dance is an inherent part of the rituals of daily life and it is performed on religious occasions and in temples throughout the region.

1. Naga Ananta was the first among all the Naga kiranti kings.
2. The second Naga chief Vasuki had the kingdom near Kailasa (hence the connection of Vasuki with lord Siva).
3. The third chief Takshaka, in Takshasila both not far from Anantnag.
4. The kingdoms of other Nagas like Karkotaka and Airavata (near Iravati River (Ravi, one among the five rivers of Punjab) were also not far away.

Nagas{kiranti} had kingdoms in Nagaland and Andhra Pradesh. Arjuna's wife Ulupi was from one of such Naga kingdom (in Gangetic Plain) Arjuna's another wife Chitrangada who also was known to Ulupi was from Manipur. There are now many Naga worshiping places in South India, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.Actually this nag was not really human form of  nag but one group of kiranti naga who used to worship nag and they claim they are decendant of nag.Who used to rule carrying many different kind of snake.Even making statue,picture,on flag{like on flag of bhutan you can see dragon and many chinese flag} and even real snake in their throne.So for their naga kiranti king aryan people start to give them many many name like kali nag,shesh nag,karkotak nag,vashuki nag actually all of them were kiranti people..still chinese people claim they are decendant of dragon{another form of gigantic snake}.Still bhutan is called land of thunder dragon in ancient time bhutan used to called kirant deshe{land of kirant} and their king is called DRUK GYALPO(DRAGON KING).Khamer people have mythology they came from assam nagaland and their anciestor were kiranti naga and their main deity is nag{snake}.Serpents, or nagas, play a particularly important role in Cambodian mythology. A well-known story explains the emergence of the Khmer people from the union of Indian and indigenous {kirant} elements, the latter being represented as nagas. According to the story, an Indian brahmana named Kaundinya came to Cambodia , which at the time was under the dominion of the naga king. The naga princess Soma sallied forth to fight against the invader but was defeated. Presented with the option of marrying the victorious Kaundinya, Soma readily agreed to do so, and together they ruled the land. The Khmer people are their descendants.[Same thing naga people of  mayanmar –Burma their main god is nag{snake}.This nag worship system is flourished from assam to nepal,japan,china,korea and in west as well.Still in vietname many of the ancient temple are guardian by dragon.The king lalit of kathmandu nepal he brought Rato machindra nath from Assam because that time kathmandu was fall In drought.He believe rato machindra can bring rainfall. The word Naga in the Sanskrit language means snake or serpent. It seems likely that the Naga{kiranti} people were a serpent-worshipping group who were later described as serpents themselves in ancient Indian literature. This transformation or identification was much like the Vanaras (forest-dwelling humans) turning unto monkeys in the later literature.This can prove ancient one group of kiranti people used to worship snake and their king ruled with bearing snake in their throne so they were given a name naga king.Who ruled with bearing nag.

Arjuna's conquests after Kurukhsetra War

Countless was the fete of Kshatriyas, of kings in myriads, who fought with Arjuna on the occasion of his military campaign to collect tribute for Yudhisthira's Ashwamedha sacrifice, for having lost their kinsmen on the field of Kurukshetra. Innumerable Kiratas also and Yavanas, all excellent bowmen, and diverse tribes of Mlechechas too, who had been discomfited before (by the Pandavas on the field of Kurukshetra), and many Arya kings, possessed of soldiers and animals, encountered Arjuna in battle (14,73). He battled with the Kasis, the Angas, the Kosalas, the Kiratas, and the Tanganas (14,83)

Other References

Siva and Kiratas

Siva who dwelled in Kailasa (Kailas range in Tibet) is mentioned as assuming the disguise of a Kirata and fighting with Arjuna in high-Himalayas (3-39,49).Siva and parbati is having incarnation of kirant and kirantni in swasthani brata katha and living around pasupatinath area like slesh mantak ban. Maha Shiva Puran described Mahadev was as a chieftain of kirat tribe. Siva sometimes assumes the form of Kiratas, Pisachas and Savaras, or that of any exotic tribes (13,14).Lord siva was clearly mentioned as kiranti cast in RIGABED which is oldest among the 4 beds.He is also mentioned as kailas pati kiranteswore mahadev.In very beginning in bed he was only simple kiranti god that time Aryan viewed him as destroyer but later he was promoted as mahadev in puranic and mahavarat time.There is no doubt he was kirant because of his nature and structure.Parbati was also kiranti women who born in himalaya her father was himalaya that time only the kirantis were aborigine in that area.Kirant women are as mighty as man they used to kill Bear and tiger when they go to jungle.Perhaps Aryan people might appreciating power of kiranti lady in that time calling many name KALI,KAPALI,BHADRAKALI,DURGA,CHANDI etc Because CHANDI DEVI is main deitys of kiranti people and considered mighty kiranti lady.Still Tripura people naga people they worship these goddess in various forms and names normally worship goddess with sacrificing animal and even human being in ancient time is done by kiranti people.Still tripura people practice this kind of religion they have own their name for all the hindu goddess like kali,durga,chandi etc.Bramhin people never seen worship goddess with sacrificing blood.Even hindu religion itself was not belongs to Aryan later they stolen.all of these goddess and god where already exist before Aryan vedic people invade India.which is proved by Japanese and Chinese historians.Lord Buddha was rebelling against hindu religion the cast sytem and that time of hindu people viewed him as demon but later because of his popularity hindu people put him as 9th incarnation of God Bisnu Which is redicules.

Valmiki and Kiratas

Valmiki was born into this hunter tribe{kiranti birth name was Ratnakar} but due to his whisdom and saintly personality he became a Brahmana who learned Sanskrit. He is the writer of the Ramayana.Absence of Bhrahmins among Kiratas

The Mekalas, the Dravidas, the Lathas, the Paundras, the Konwasiras, the Saundikas, the Daradas, the Darvas, the Chauras, the Savaras, the Varvaras, the Kiratas, the Yavanas, and numerous other tribes of Kshatriyas, have become degraded into the status of Sudras through the absence of Brahmanas. (13,35)

There is Doubt about Rawan as well eventhough It’s not real but only story because name of the rawan’s sister was SUBARNA KHAN.The KHAN word is only used by mongol tribe.In Mongolia and turkey{mongoloied people}used to say khan for their ruler and khanate for place where the ruler ruled.Like ghengis khan and khanate is Mongolia ulan batar.later who claimed the descendant of mongol people they used to put khan title.Nowadays you can find khan title in Pakistan but they are not mongol but they took that title because of high prestige.

KIRANTI CONNECTIONS WITH CHINESE.

Which I alredy mentioned that kiranti territories was very vast which touches inner part of china as well and they have very friendly and unique friendship to each other being as same yellow rece who fought in mahabharat and against this indo Aryan people who were invader of Indian continent.Their ancister were came from middle east {IRAN} 1500 BC.It is mentioned that DEVA used to drink SOMA RASH in ancient time.This soma rash means wine made from a kind of plant.This word is not Indian word,The word came from iran and afganstan.Still afgani and irani people use to say SOME For wine.It can clearly proved that Aryan {CHETRIS AND BRAMHINS}anciestor were irani people.how The kiranti people and Chinese people  have very good frendship to each other in the time of mahavarata . I would like to take reference from mahabharat epic battle.

China (Cinaratha) in the Epic of Mahabharata

It is well known that in the Mahabharata the Cinas appear with the Kiratas among the armies of king Bhagadatta of Pragjyotisa or Assam . In the Sabhaparvan this king is described as surrounded by the Kiratas and the Cinas. In the Bhismaparvan, the corps of Bhagadatta, consisting of the Kiratas and the Cinas of yellow color, appeared like a forest of Karnikaras . It is significant that the Kiratas represented all the people living to the east of India in the estimation of the geographers of the Puranas. Even the dwellers of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago were treated as Kiratas in the Epics. The reference to their wealth of gold, silver, gems, sandal, aloewood, textiles and fabrics clearly demonstrates their association with the regions included in Suvarnadvipa. Thus, the connection of the Kiratas and Cinas is a sure indication of the fact that the Indians came to know of the Chinese through the eastern routes and considered them as an eastern people, having affinities to the Kiratas, who were the Indo-Mongoloids, inhabiting the Tibeto-Burman regions and the Himalayan and East Indian territories,{all afganstan ,Pakistan,India{himalyan range}to Cambodia and Vietnam as well. the word Kirata being a derivation from kiranti or kirati, the name of a group of people in eastern Nepal.

In early Indian literature China is invariably shown to be connected with India by a land-route across the country of the Kiratas in the mountainous regions of the north. In the Vanaparvan of the Mahabharata the Pandava brothers are said to have crossed the country of the Cinas in course of their trek through the Himalayan territory north of Badri and reached the realm of the Kirata king Subahu. The Cinas are brought into intimate relationship with the Himalayan people (Haimavatas) in the Sabhaparvan also. The land of the Haimavatas is undoubtedly the Himavantappadesa of the Pali texts, which has been identified with Tibet or Nepal . In the Sasanavamsa this region is stated to be Cinarattha. Thus, it is clear that China was known to the Indians as lying across the Himalayas and was accordingly included in the Himalayan territories. In the Nagarjunikonda inscription of Virapurusdatta , China (Cina) is said to be lying in the Himalayas beyond Cilata or Kirata. These references to the proximity of China to the Himalayan regions, inhabited by the Kiratas, show that there were regular routes through the Tibeto-Burman territories, along which the Indians could reach China .There is myth and written in many hindu religion book KIRANTESWORE{LORD SIVA}was created SANGRILA In kiranti country HIMALAYAN RANGE like NEPAL,BHUTAN AND NORTH PART OF INDIA,where the living being never have sorrow,poor,and sickness which is like heaven.Still many yogi from India went to himalaya in search of  SANGRILLA.What can we get khowledge with that myth is that it can clearly shows economic status of kiranti people and their land.at

That time of Chinese and India Aryan people’s connection was clearly through the kiranti land and kiranti people which is mentioned in mahavarat.

(Source: The Soul of India ­ by Amaury de Riencourt p 141 and 161).

China and kirant in Ramayan.

Kiskindhakanda of Valmiki's Ramayana makes reference to Cinas as well as Parama-Cinas and associates them with the trans-Himalayan tribes of the Daradas, Kambojas, the Yavanas, the Sakas, the Kiratas, the Bahlikas, the Rishikas, and the Tañkanas of the Uttarapatha. [4].

The epic literature asserts that the Cinas, Khasas, Hunas, Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Kiratas, Sinhalas, Mlechchas etc were created by sage Vashistha through the divine powers of cow Sabala or Nandini (Kamdhenu).

China and kirant in Puran.

Puranas

In the Kalika Purana, the Cinas are again grouped with the kirants, Shakas, Khasas and the Barabaras etc and are said to have sided with Buddhist king Kali in the war against Vedic king Kalika [6].

Bhuvanakosha section of numerous Puranas locates the Cinas along with the kirants, Pahlavas, Kambojas, and Barbaras in the Udichya or northern division of ancient India..

According to Vayu Purana and the Matsya Purana, the Cinas and several other tribes would be annihilated by king Kalika or Pramiti at the end of Kali age [8].

In the Matsya Purana, the Chinas are said to be unfit for performing shraddhah.<Matsya Purana, 16.16</ref>.

There is yet another reference to China as Cina-maru as referred to in the Vayu Purana and Brahmanda Purana. However, at the same place, Matsya Purana mentions Vira-maru. China-maru or Vira-maru has been identified with the lands of Turkestan situated above And-khui in the north of Afghanistan (Dr K. P. Jayswal, Dr M. R. Singh).

China and kirant in Buddhist literature

The Cinas also find reference in the Buddhist play, Mudrarakshasa, where they are listed with other contemporary tribes, such as the Shakas, Yavanas, Kiratas, Cambojas, Bhalikas, Parasikas, Khasas, Gandharas, Kalutas, etc.

Buddhist text Milindapanho (see: Sacred Books of the East, xxxvi, 204), associates the Chinas with the kirant, Yavanas, Kambojas and Vilatas(?) etc, and locates them in the western Tibet/Ladakh, according to Dr Michael Witzel.

Other literature

Chanakya (c. 350-283 BC), the prime minister of the Maurya Empire and a professor at Takshashila University, refers to Chinese silk as "cinamsuka" (Chinese silk dress) and "cinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle) in his Arthashastra.

The Sanmoha Tantra speaks of the Tantric culture of the foreign countries like the Bahlika (Bactria), Kirata, Bhota (Tibet), Cina, Maha-Cina, Parasika.he is so impressed with Kirantis and written too many wonderful word about kiranti culture.they were fierce fighter,hunter and good bussiness man as well in his arthasastra.The way of bussiness between china and india was route via KIRANT LAND OR KIRANT DESHE.

Around the 2nd century BC, the Laws of Manu describes the downfall of the Chinas, as well as many foreign groups in India like Kirants.

"43. But in consequence of the omission of the sacred rites, and of their not consulting Brahmanas, the following tribes of Kshatriyas have gradually sunk in this world to the condition of Shudras;

44. (Viz.) the Paundrakas, the Chodas, the Dravidas, the Kambojas, the Yavanas, the Shakas, the Paradas, the Pahlavas, the Chinas, the Kiratas, the Daradas and the Khashas." [11]

Besides China and Parama-China, there is also a reference to Mahachina in the Manasollasa which text mentions the fabrics from Mahachina.[12] It is thus possible that China probably referred to western Tibet or Ladakh, Mahachina to Tibet proper, and Parama-China to Mainland China.

References

1. Geographical Data in Early Puranas, 1972, p172, Dr M. R. Singh

2. MBH 6/9/65-66

3. MBH 12/65/13-15

4. The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India , Volume 4, Kiskindhakanda, p 151, Rosalind Lefeber

5. Ramayana (1.52-55) & Mahabharata (1.174.6-48)

6. Kalika Purana 20/40

7. ":ete desha Udichyastu Kambojashchaiva Dardashchaiva Barbarashcha Angaukikah || 47 || Chinashchaiva Tusharashcha Pahlavadhayata narah || 48 || — (Brahma Purana 27.44-53)"

8. Vayu I, 58.78-83; Matsya 114.51.58

9. Early East Iran , And The Atharvaveda, 1980, (Persica-9), p 106, Dr Michael Witzel.

10. Tan Chung (1998). A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding.

11. Manusmritti (Laws of Manu), X.43-44

12. Op cit, 1972, p p 172, Dr M. R. Singh.

In these book what I am trying to say is we Mongol tribe was superior race and ruler of the world, owner of the land still we kiranti Mongol are called jimi that means owner of whole land.kiranti are one sub group of these Mongol people who ruled the world we are holding such huge pride, our blood is like ray of son but we are being  ruled in nepal by these  indo Aryan  people {bahun and chetri}who come from India as

Refugee when the Muslim people chase them. It is recorded in history mughal king auraganjeb Used to kill thousand of hindu people specially chetri and bramhin in day that  time they came to Nepal. Still 1406 AD Sama suddhin Tuglak  came to nepal to destroy  Hindu people but left within 1 month. We gave them shelter but instead they looted our land and start to rule by the help of conspiracy. These Aryan people came with slavery mentality{chakari,chaplusi,sadyantrakari,dhokebaj}these indo Aryan people were always ruled and colonised by foreigners,Friest of all Greek people Alexander used to ruled India, then after Romans, Mongolian Huns ,Mongolian avar,Mongolian gengiz khan, mughal ,portugedutch,French,and finally Britain, there is evidence in history more then 2000 years history of India this Aryan people were always colonised by foreigners that’s why British government used to say these indo Aryan people were born for as servant not to rule they are not capable of ruling so they put black people as full slave{ DASHI }and Indian people as HALF SLAVE{Serf dome} that time Mongol gurkha soldier can eat and drink in same dining table with the British officer but  not for this indo Aryan people. May be you have heard if you read about life history of poet LAXMI PRASAD DEVAKOTA he was refused to travel on train with the British. He tried to explain them I am Nepal not Indian but still refused because they wanted to put all this indo Aryan people in one boat. This kind of people who we gave them love, respect and land now they try to destroy us and our country. descendant of these indo Aryan people who have always slavery mentality these people are ruling and destroying our country not because of there brain but because of conspiracy. Whatever the philosophy and party till these people are remain as leader of that party cannot be trusted and always there is some conspiracy and betray against the people because these people are came from that kind of slavery mentality. We Mongol are the original son of these land  so we have to wake up. Which is our motherland nepal wanted and weeping. Here I am going to mentioned Mongolian tribe was always superior race who used to ruled the world and they were the first people who discovered the world they were the centre of civilization. We are forgetting our pride and capacity . we are like HANUMAN. Who need to remind about his power. How powerful is he. Actually he doesn’t know he can cross vast ocean to reach the lanka.Someone reminded  his power and he cross the ocean and destroyed lanka.people think it is raciest but I purely believed that until the chetris and bramhins remain in power of nepal.Nepal will never change because their history is always related with the evil who classified own their people as upper class and lower class and grinded for thousand years.

even these Thakuri shaha kings were the pure mongoloied people but they distinguish themselves as upper class in influence of Hindu religion. Actually they are the one  branch of Magar people.If you see in west like malla and shaha people they are clearly pure mongoloied stock which cannot be hide. The shah kings were able administrator and wise but unfortunately they were always been surrounded by these indo Aryan  people {chetris and bramhins} they fall in wrong hand. May be that’s why king prithivi narayan said in his DIVYA UPADESH never trust chetri and bramhin{Dorbahadur Bista}.He declared BRAMHIN,CHETRI,BAISYA AND SUDRA in his national code in influence of chetries and bramhins.These chetries and bramhins try to bring their dirty old deasese{Hindu religion} from Indian ocean when they came in Nepal  as refugee. That time of Brahmin put Thakuri cast above chetri and less then bramhin as ruler so still thakuri people doesn’t eat from the hand of chetri.According to that thakuri is not included in CHAR JAT.Like that this CHAR JAT doesn’t effect or include the Mongol people as well because Mongol is completely different race. CHAR JAT was within this indo Aryan people. Mongol people doesn’t have cast system of upper class and lower class. They treat all the human being as same. How the Mongol people always used to rule the world. I Would like to describe briefly I hope which can bring and revive Mongol pride of Nepal and they would be able to learn from their ancestor of past.

Huns

Who are the huns actually know body knows that time. The horse man unknown tribe from unknown land. The warrior no one can match with them. Without warning they invaded on Europe. Actually  they were almost alien and dark force for them who terrorise Europe for centuarys.Actually they came from central Asia present day of Mongolia. They are almost forgotten in history. They were so fierce fighter and master of archery and horse. Without horse huns were never written in history. They run the horse like lightening , eat on horse ,sleep on horse, they do conversation on horse and even do the treaty with the enemy. They have statue which they celebrated  eating and drinking with their ponny{horse}.Horse and the huns were inseparable. They were the so barbaric used to drink wine in enemies skull, they were used to called head hunter as well. They cut their eye so they can weep with blood when they show mourn when some one their people died. They do have battle scare on their face. When they enter the Greece Galloping hundred of thousand of horse greek citizens were crying and weeping saying  ehu ehu{abui,abui}. Because they never seen mongoloied people before in Europe. They were so rough, cruel and ruthless on their enemy  which they never show mercy . When they find their enemy they dash on them like lightening of black cloud. Shoot the arrow swiftly almost hundred percent accurate. Just they kill and flee from enemy and suddenly reappeared somewhere else like deadly ghost. Modern European describe this was phenomena of yellow peril.These were divided into the Hephthalites or White Huns, who invaded the Sassanid empire of Persia , and the Black Huns who invaded Europe . The Black Huns were Mongoloid in appearance according to Roman writers.{He said slanting eyes,flat nose,short and roburst body,no hair on body and face,only thin mustache and beared}. Some historians believe that the ancient state of Bulgaria (not to be confused with the modern Slavic state) was also formed by the huns in combination with the Bulgars who were of mongoloied stock. There is also a theory that the Hsiung-nu, who lived on the northern borders of China at the beginning of the first millenium A.D, may be ancestors of the Huns. They were overthrown by other Mongol peoples and were lost to history but may have reappeared in Europe . the Europeans thought they had a strongly Asiatic appearance. The Hunnish warriors scarred their faces and practised a from of cranial deformation which elongated their skulls.

The Huns first recorded appearance was in the C2nd BC when they raided across the Great Wall into China . Around 372 AD, they entered Europe and settled in what is now Hungary , imposing their supremacy on the Ostrogoths and other Germanic peoples. Under their leader, Attila, they attacked the Byzantine empire, invaded Gaul and threatened Rome , but after Attila's death in 453, a revolt by subject peoples broke their power.

The Hunnic Empire stretched from the steppes of Central Asia into modern Germany, and from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea

Terrifying Invaders

The Huns arrived in southeastern Europe around 370 AD. The Roman historian Ammianus described them as wild, hideous barbarians who ate raw meat and did everything on horseback, even sleep. They were divided into independent groups called "hordes" which apparently had their own chieftains; it is generally believed that the Huns did not have a king at this time.

The savage hordes swarmed toward the Roman Empire, conquering other barbarian civilizations along the way. When they invaded the huge empire of the Ostrogoths (" East Goths "), a Germanic tribe, its king killed himself because he couldn't stand up to them. The Huns became the rulers of the Ostrogoth people. Next the Huns attacked the Visigoths (West Goths), most of whom fled to the Roman empire for protection.

But the Visigoths and Romans did not make good allies. Displeased with the way the Romans treated them, the Visigoths soon rebelled, killing the Eastern Roman emperor Valens in battle.

The Visigoths eventually settled in Roman territory, but remained unfriendly to Rome . The vast migrations of refugees fleeing the Huns hastened the fall of the Roman Empire . In 410 the Visigoths sacked the city of Rome , and when the Western empire was finally overthrown in 476, it was at the hands of a German barbarian named Odacer, who became the king of Italy .

The Scourge of God

After taking over the lands of the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and other German tribes, the Huns moved into the Eastern Roman empire . In return for peace, the Romans began paying tribute to the Huns.

By 432 the Huns were united under a single king, Rua (also sometimes called Roas, Rugila, or Rugilas), who lived in what is modern-day Hungary . When Rua died in 434, his brother Mundzuk's sons Bleda and Attila inherited his huge empire. They demanded additional tribute from the Romans. The Romans agreed, but apparently didn't pay all they had promised, so Attila attacked them, destroying city after city.

"The whole breadth of Europe, as it extends above five hundred miles from the Euxine to the Hadriatic, was at once invaded, and occupied, and desolated, by the myriads of barbarians whom Attila led into the field," wrote 18th century historian Edward Gibbon in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Suddenly the Romans decided it would be a good idea to give Attila as much money as he wanted. No wonder the merciless Attila was called "the Scourge of God."

Even Attila's older brother, Bleda, paid the price of getting in Attila's way. Attila murdered Bleda in 445. From that time on, Attila alone ruled the Hun Empire.

Hunnic Empire, the empire of the Huns. The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes, especially mongol ones, from the Steppes of Central Asia. Through a combination of advanced weaponry, amazing mobility and battlefield tactics, they achieved military superiority over many of their largest rivals, subjugating the tribes they conquered.[1] Appearing from beyond the Volga River some years after the middle of the 4th century, they first overran the Alani, who occupied the plains between the Volga and the Don rivers, and then quickly overthrew the empire of the Ostrogoths between the Don and the Dniester. About 376 they defeated the Visigoths living in what is now approximately Romania and thus arrived at the Danubian frontier of the Roman Empire.[2] Their mass migration into Europe brought with it great ethnic and political upheaval.

Early campaigns

Ancient accounts suggest that the Huns had settled in the lands north-west of the Caspian Sea as early as the 3rd Century. By the latter half of the century, about 370, the Caspian Huns mobilized, destroying a tribe of Alans to their west. Pushing further westward the Huns ravaged and destroyed an Ostrogothic kingdom. In 395, a Hun raid across the Caucasus mountains devastated Armenia, there they captured Erzurum, besieged Edessa and Antioch, even reaching Tyre in Syria.

In 408, the Hun Uldin invaded the Eastern Roman province of Moesia but his attack was checked and Uldin was forced to retreat.

Consolidation

For all their early exploits, the Huns were still politically too disunited to stage a serious campaign. Rather than an empire the Huns were rather a confederation of kings. Although there was the title of 'High King', very few of those bearing this title managed to rule effectively over all the Hunnic tribes. As a result, the Huns were without clear leadership and lacked any common objectives.

From 420, a chieftain named Oktar began to weld the disparate Hunnic tribes under his banner. He was succeeded by his brother, Rugila who became the leader of the Hun confederation, uniting the Huns into a cohesive group with a common purpose. He lead them into a campaign in the Western Roman Empire, through an alliance with Roman General Aetius. This gave the Huns even more notoriety and power. He planned a massive invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire in the year 434, but died before his plans could come to fruition. His heirs to the throne were his nephews, Bleda and Attila, who ruled in a dual kingship. They divided the Hunnic lands between them, but still regarded the empire as a single entity.

Under the Dual Kingship

The Hunnic Empire, at its height under Attila.

Attila and Bleda were as ambitious as king Ruga. They forced the Eastern Roman Empire to sign the Treaty of Margus, giving the Huns (amongst other things) trade rights and an annual tribute from the Romans. With their southern border protected by the terms of this treaty, the Huns could turn their full attention to the further subjugation of tribes to the east.

However, when the Romans failed to deliver the agreed tribute, and other conditions of the Treaty of Margus were not met, both the Hunnic kings turned their attention back to the Eastern Romans. Reports that the Bishop of Margus had crossed into Hun lands and desecrated royal graves further incensed the kings. War broke out between the two empires, and the Huns capitalized on a weak Roman army to raze the cities of Margus, Singidunum and Viminacium. Although a truce was signed in 441, war resumed two years later with another failure by the Romans to deliver the tribute. In the following campaign, Hun armies came alarmingly close to Constantinople , sacking Sardica, Arcadiopolis and Philippopolis along the way. Suffering a complete defeat at the Battle of Chersonesus, the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II gave in to Hun demands and the Peace of Anatolius was signed in autumn 443. The Huns returned to their lands with a vast train full of plunder.

In 445, Bleda died, leaving Attila the sole ruler of the Hun Empire.

As Attila's empire

With his brother gone and as the only ruler of the united Huns, Attila possessed undisputed control over his subjects. In 447, Attila turned the Huns back toward the Eastern Roman Empire once more. His invasion of the Balkans and Thrace was devastating, with one source citing that the Huns razed 70 cities. The Eastern Roman Empire was already beset from internal problems, such as famine and plague, as well as riots and a series of earthquakes in Constantinople itself. Only a last-minute rebuilding of its walls had preserved Constantinople unscathed. Victory over a Roman army had already left the Huns virtually unchallenged in Eastern Roman lands and only disease forced a retreat, after they had conducted raids as far south as Thermopylae.

The war finally came to an end for the Eastern Romans in 449 with the signing of the Third Peace of Anatolius.

Throughout their raids on the Eastern Roman Empire, the Huns had still maintained good relations with the Western Empire, this was due in no small part to a friendship with Aetius, a powerful Roma

 general (sometimes even referred to as the defacto ruler of the Western Empire) who had spent some time with the Huns. However, this all changed when Honoria, sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III, sent Attila a ring and requested his help to escape her betrothal to a senator. Although it is not known whether Honoria intended this as a proposal of marriage to Attila, that is how the Hun King interpreted it. He claimed half the Western Roman Empire as dowry. To add to the failing relations, a dispute between Attila and Aetius about the rightful heir to the kingdom of the Salian Franks also occurred. Finally, the repeated raids on the Eastern Roman Empire had left it with little to plunder.

In 451, Attila's forces entered Gaul, with his army recruiting from the Franks, Goths and Burgundian tribes they passed en route. Once in Gaul, the Huns first attacked Metz, then his armies continued westwards, passed both Paris and Troyes to lay siege to Orleans.

Aetius was given the duty of relieving Orleans by Emperor Valentinian III. Bolstered by Frankish and Visigothic troops (under King Theodoric), Aetius' own Roman army met the Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields. Although inconclusive, the battle thwarted Attila's invasion of Gaul , and forced his retreat back to Hunnic lands.

The following year, Attila renewed his claims to Honoria and territory in the Western Roman Empire . Leading his horde across the Alps and into Northern Italy, he sacked and razed the cities of Aquileia, Vicetia, Verona, Brixia, Bergomum, and Milan. Finally, at the very gates of Rome, he turned his army back after seeing the pope (although the most likely reason why he turned back is because of plague). Attila retreated back to Hunnic lands without Honoria or her dowry.

From the Carpathian Basin, Attila mobilised to attack Constantinople, in retaliation for the new Eastern Roman Emperor Marcian halting tribute payments. Before this planned attack he married a German girl named Ildiko. In 453, he died of a nosebleed on his wedding night.

After Attila

Attila was succeeded by his eldest son, Ellac. However, Attila's other sons, Dengizich and Ernakh challenged Ellak for the throne. Taking advantage of the situation, subjugated tribes rose up in rebellion. The year after Attila's death, the Huns were defeated in the Battle of Nedao. In 469, Dengizik, the last Hunnic King and successor of Ellak, died. This date is seen as the end of the Hunnic Empire. It is believed by some historians that descendants of the Huns formed the Bulgarian Empire, which stretched over the Balkans, Pannonia and Scythia.

Female hunnish skull.

Male

Attila	Balamber	Balimber	Bleda	Dengizich	Edeco
Hormidac	Mundzuc	Octar	Oebarsius	Onulph	Roua
Ruga Blaedla	Tuldila	Uldin

Rulers

Balamir	c 372
Attila	c 433-53

References and notes

E.A. Thompson, A History of Attila and the Huns (1948)

F. Altheim, Attila und die Hunnen (1951)

J. Werner, Beiträge zur Archäologie des Attila-Reiches (1956).

T. Hodgkin , Italy and Her Invaders, Vol. I (rev. ed. 1892, repr. 1967)

W. M. McGovern, Early Empires of Central Asia (1939)

F. Teggart , China and Rome (1969, repr. 1983);

Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns (1973).

The white huns.

The Origin of Hephthalites

The paucity of record in Hephthalites or Ephthalites provides us fragmentary picture of their civilization and empire. Their background they came from western mongolia the Tarim basin.They were the pure mongoloied people which is later mixture with whiter people when they expanded in westward so these people are called white huns as well.Many historian doesn't see them as mongoloied people but it's not true.Other people see them as white and tall like european or iranian so they gave name white huns.like still north part of mongolia like siberia,kazakastan,kirgistan,Uzbekistan, People in that area look like white people.They are tall like white and colour like white but completly 100% preserving their mongoloied stock.

"are of the stock of the Huns in fact as well as in name: however they do not mingle with any of the Huns known to us. They are the only ones among the Huns who have white bodies...."

Ephthalites was the name given by Byzantine historians and Hayathelaites by the Persian historian Mirkhond, and sometimes Ye-tai or Hua by Chinese historians. They are also known as the White Huns, different from the Hun who led by Attila invading the Roman Empire . They are described as a kindred steppe people originally occupied the pasture-lands in the Altai mountain of southwestern Mongolia .

Toward the middle of the 5th century, they expanded westward probably because of the pressure from the Juan-juan, a powerful nomadic tribe in Mongolia . Within decades, they became a great power in the Oxus basin and the most serious enemy of the Persian empire .

The Westward Expansion and War with Sassanian Empire

At the time when the Hephthalites gained power, Kushan and Gandhara were ruled by the Kidarites, a local dynisty of Hun or Chionites tribe. The Hephthalites entered Kabul and overthrew Kushan. The last Kidarites fled to Gandhara and settled at Peshawar . Around 440 the Hephthalites further took Sogdian ( Samarkand ) and then Balkh and Bactria .

The Hephthalites moved closer and closer toward Persian territory. In 484 the Hephthalite chief Akhshunwar led his army attacked the Sassanian King Peroz (459-484) and the king was defeated and killed in Khurasan. After the victory, the Hephthalite empire extended to Merv and Herat , which had been the regions of the Sassanid Empire. The Hephthalites, at the time, became the superpower of the Middle Asia. They not only destroyed part of Sassanian Empire in Iran but also intervened in their dynastic struggles when the Sassanid royal, Kavad (488-496), was fighting for the throne with Balash, brother of Peroz. Kavad married the niece of the Hephthalites chief and the Hephthalites aided him to regain his crown in 498.

After conquest of Sogdia and Kushan, the Hephthalites founded the capital, Piandjikent, 65 kilometers south-west of Samarkand in the Zaravshan valley. This city later reached its prosperity, produced one of the best mural paintings in the seventh century and later was destroyed by the Arabs. The Hephthalites chose Badakshan as their summer residence. Their chiefs lived north of the Hindu Kush, migrating seasonlly from Bactria where they spent the winter, to Badakshan, their summer residence. Under the Hephthalite control, the Bactrian script and language continued to be used and trade and commerce flourished as previously.

The Eastward Expansion to the Tarim Basin

With the stabilization at the western border, the Hephthalites extended their influence to the northwest into the Tarim Basin . From 493 to 556 A.D., they invaded Khotan, Kashgar, Kocho, and Karashahr. The relationship with Juan-juan and China were tightened. The Chinese record indicated that between 507 and 531, the Hephthalites sent thirteen embassies to Northern Wei (439-534) by the king named Ye-dai-yi-li-tuo.

Invasion to India

During the 5th century, the Gupta dynasty in India reigned in the Ganges basin with the Kushan empire occupied the area along the Indus. India knew the Hephthalite as Huna by the Sanskrit name. The Hephthaltes or Hunas waited till 470 rigth after the death of Gupta ruler, Skandagupta (455-470), and entered the Inda from the Kabul valley after the conquest of Kushan. They mopped on along the Ganges and ruined every city and town. The noble capital, Pataliputra, was reduced in population to a village. They persecuted Buddhists and burned all the monasteries. Their conquest was accomplished with extreme ferocity and the Gupta regime (414-470) was completely extinguished.

For thirty years the northwestern India was ruled by Hephthalite kings. We learned some of the Hephthalite kings ruling India from coins. The most famous ones were Toramana and Mihrakula ruling India in the first half of the 6th century.

The Religion

It is equally inconsistent while comparing the references to the Hephthalites' religion. Although Sung Yun and Hui Sheng reported that the Hephthalites did not believe in Buddhism, though there is ample archaeological evidence that this religion was practiced in territories under Hephthalite control. According to Liang shu the Hephthalites worshiped Heaven and also fire - a clear reference to Zoroastrianism. However the burials found seem to indicate the normal practice in disposing of the dead, which is against Zoroastrian belief.

The Customs

Very little was known about these Hephthalite nomads. Little art has left from them. According to Sung Yun and Hui Sheng who visited their Hephthalite chief at his summer residence in Badakshan and later in Gandhara,

The Hephthalites have no cities, but roam freely and live in tents. They do not live in towns; their seat of government is a moving camp. They move in search of water and pasture, journeying in summer to cool places and in winter to warmer ones....They have no belief in the Buddhist law and they serve a great number of divinities."

Other than the deformation of skulls, the other interesting feature of the Hephthalites is their polyandrous society. The records of brothers marrying to one wife had been reported from Chinese source.

The Extermination

Between 557 to 561 Persian King Chosroes allied with another steppe people who had appeared from inner Asia . Chorsoes wanted to profit from the situation to take revenge over the defeat of his grandfather Peroz; he married a daughter of the nomadic chief and allied himself with them against the Hephthalites. The chief Sinjibu was the boldest and strongest of all the tribes and he had the largest number of troops. It was he who conquered the Hephthalites and killed their king.

Mercileessly attacked on two sides, the Hephthalites were completely broken and disappeared by 565 that only small number of them survived. Some surviving groups living south of Oxus escaped Chosroes' grasp later fell to Arab invaders in the 7th century. One of the surviving groups fled to the west and may have been the ancestors of the later Avars in the Danube region. The decline of the Hephthalites marked a turning point in the story of the steppes. Another era was opening in Central Asia . For the allies of Chosroes were Western Turks, a new power was to dominate the steppe for next few centuries.

Avars.

The Avars were a highly organized and powerful mongol tribal confederation governed by a central ruler (khagan).

The Avars were a Mongolian peoples, known to the Chinese as the Juan-Juan. In the Fourth Century they were one of many Mongol  groupings to trouble the northern borders of the Chinese Empire. At this time there was political chaos in China , the north of which fragmented into numerous local states. The restlessness and upheaval, on both sides of the Great Wall, mirrored what was happening in Europe at the same time.

It was also at this time that the Huns, another of the peoples who had troubled China 's northern borders, began to migrate westwards, driving back the Goths and other Germanic peoples and thus setting off the chain-reaction that led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire . But their movements affected events in Eastern Asia as much as in Western Europe . The migration of the Huns paved the way for the Kök Türük (the Blue or Celestial Turks) to succeed them. It was the Celestial Turks who first drove the Juan-Juan (together with many of their fellow Turks) westwards.

The Juan-Juan migrated through northern Iran to the Russian steppes. Here, they mingled with other Turkic and Hunnic peoples, primarily the Uighurs, finally emerging into Eastern Europe in the middle of the Sixth Century. This new confederacy, now known as the Avars, were to threaten Constantinople and much of western Europe for over three centuries.

They were a nomadic people of Eurasia, who appeared in Central and Eastern Europe in the 6th century. They are known to history as Avars, though the Romans called them "pseudo-Avars Avar rule persisted over much of the Pannonian plain up to the early 9th century

The 6th Century historian Menander Protector noted that the language of the Avars was the same as that of the Huns, appearing as an Oghuric Turkic branch like modern Chuvash or Turkic Bulgarian and Khazar. It has been argued that their ruling class was related to the presumably Mongolic{mongoloied} Rouran,

The Avars were driven westward when the Sassanid Persians – allied with the Göktürks – defeated the Hephthalites in the 550s and the 560s. They entered Europe in the 6th century A.D., subjugating peoples such as the Kutrigur Huns as they went. Their first recorded official contact with the Roman world was in the winter of 558/59, when their embassy arrived in Constantinople and negotiated a treaty by which they were to subdue unruly gentes on behalf of the Empire, and receive payments and rights in return.[8] Having been bought off by the Eastern Emperor Justinian I, they pushed north into Germany (as Attila the Hun had done a century before), eventually reaching as far north as the Baltic.

Eastern Hemisphere in 500ad, showing possible homelands of the Avars.

Finding the country unsuited to their nomadic lifestyle (and the Franks stern opponents), they turned their attention to the Pannonian plain, which was then being contested by two Germanic tribes, the Lombards and the Gepids. Siding with the Lombards, they destroyed the Gepids in 567 and established a state in the Danube River area. Their harassment soon (ca. 568) forced the Lombards to try their luck in northern Italy, an invasion that marked the last Germanic mass movement in the Migrations Period.

Near East in 600ad, showing the Avar Khanate and its neighbors.

According to Menander, the Avar leader Bayan (c565 - c600) then commanded 10,000 Kutrigurs to sack Dalmatia in 568, effectively cutting Byzantium's land link with North Italy and the West. By about 580, Bayan had established his supremacy over practically all the various groups of "barbarian" warbands -which included numerous Slavs, Kutrigur Bulgars, and Germanic tribes- along the Balkan frontier, a monopoly of power that only Attila had briefly enjoyed before him.[9] When the Eastern Roman Empire found itself unable to pay subsidies or hire Avar mercenaries, the Avars took to raiding Roman communities in the Balkans as well. Initial Avar success in the 580's was followed by setbacks in the 590's during Maurice’s Balkan campaigns. Being defeated in their own homeland, some Avars even defected to the Byzantines in 602,[10] but the Emperor Maurice's decision to maintain his army camp beyond the Danube throughout the winter instead of returning home as was customary caused the army to revolt (602), thus giving the Avars a desperately needed respite. The ensuing civil war prompted an opportunistic Persian invasion and gave the Avars a free hand in the now undefended Balkans after 615. An invasion of northern Italy was also attempted in 610. Walter Pohl notes that payments in gold and goods reached the record sum of 200,000 solidi shortly before 626.[11]

In 626, the Avars and the Persians jointly besieged but failed to capture Constantinople. Following this defeat, the Avars retreated to Pannonia , leaving most of the Balkans in the hands of Slav tribes, with neither Avars nor Byzantines able to reassert control. Most of the Avars' subject peoples became independent, with just Pannonia remaining under direct Avar rule.

By the early 9th century, internal discord and external pressure started to undermine the Avar state. It was finally liquidated during the 810s by the Franks under Charlemagne and the First Bulgarian Empire under Krum. After the fall of the Avar Empire around 800 the name Avar and the self-identified constructed ethnicity it carried disappeared within a single generation. An Avar presence in Pannonia is still certain in 871 but thereafter the name is no longer used by chroniclers: "It simply proved impossible to keep up an Avar identity after Avar institutions and the high claims of their tradition had failed."[12] The Avars are also likely to have merged with Slavs, who had formed new states in the region: the principality of Nitra in the north (later Great Moravia) and the Balaton Principality in the central parts of Pannonia . Their remnants were probably the Huns encountered by the invading Magyars in the 10th Century. Their hypothetical descendants, the Szekely (who apparently preserved the Avar Dragon Totem well into the 15th century^[citation needed^]), were relocated to Transylvania in the 12th century. In the Republic of Hungary there are a number of Avar ruins, mostly burial mounds, that display symbols nearly identical to those of the mongoloied Avars.

Some claim that the Avars were the first tribe to introduce the stirrup to Europe. However, the subject is under debate and other candidates for the importers include the Huns.

Sources and notes

1.       ^ Dennis P. Hupchick, The Balkans, pp. 28, ISBN 0-312-21736-6

2.       ^ K.H. Menges, "Altaic people", Encyclopaedia Iranica, v, p. 908-912, Online Edition (LINK)

3.       ^ E. H. Parker: "A Thousand Years of the Tartars", ISBN-10: 0710307462; ISBN-13: 978-0710307460.

4.       ^ H. W. Haussig, "Theophylakts Exkurs über die skythischen Völker" Byzantion 23 (1953) pp 275-436.

5.       ^ K. Czeglèdy, "From East to West" Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 3 (1983) pp 25-126.

6.       ^ in Die Awaren (1988) and in "Verlaufsformen der Ethnogenese: Awaren und Bulgaren," Typen der Ethnogenese, ed. H. Wolfram and W. Pohl , vol. I, (1990) pp. 113-24.

7.       ^ Walter Pohl, "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies" Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, (Blackwell), 1998, pp 13-24) p. 18 (On-line text).

8.       ^ Pohl 1998:18

9.       ^ Pohl 1998:18.

10.   ^ Walter Pohl, Die Awaren ( Munich ) 2.ed.2002., page 158.

11.   ^ Walter Pohl, Die Awaren ( Munich ) 1.ed.1988.

12.   ^ Pohl 1998:19.

13.   ^ A Brief History of Population

14.   ^ Avars

15.   ^ Mihály Dobrovits: "They called themselves Avar" - Considering the pseudo-Avar question in the work of Theophylaktos.

IN WEST IT WAS POLITICIZED ABOUT HUN AND AVAR THEY DO NOT WANT TO SAY MONGOLOIED PEOPLE SO THIS IS FINAL PROOF THEY WERE THE MONGOLOIED PEOPLE.

,Friest the Huns appeared on the banks of the Don in Russia . McGovern has presented a convincing argument to prove that the two were the same people; that their passage across Asia took them across a space sterile of historians, between the spheres of Chinese and of Byzantine chroniclers. Only one glow of light appears in this interim; in 290 A.D. Tigranes the Great of Armenia hired some such people as mercenaries.

The history of the Huns in Europe does not require elaborate treatment. Having defeated the Ostrogoths and sent them and their kinsmen scurrying westward, the Huns moved to the present Hungary , which they made their headquarters. From here they sent expeditions to Rome , to Germany , and to France , where Attila was defeated in the battle of the Catalonian fields in 451 A.D. After his death two years later, the Runs retired to eastern Europe, and many of them united with their relatives the Bolgars, who had settled between the Ugrian and Finnic tribes of the middle Volga and Kama rivers, where, under Bolgar leadership, a great state arose, which flowered between the eighth and fourteenth centuries.

In the meantime, the Huns in central Asia raided Mesopotamia , Persia , Afghanistan , and India ; presumably the Turkish penetration of central Siberia dates likewise from the period between 200 and 400 A.D. This span of two centuries marks the beginning of the great expansion of Turkish-speaking peoples, for the Huns, and their allies and relatives, must have spoken various forms of speech related to Turkish, many of which are now extinct.

When we view the Hunnish inroad into Europe in the light of the total context of Old World history, it ceases to be a strange inruption of hideous and invincible barbarians darting out of nowhere, as it at first appeared to the Byzantines and Romans. The Huns were a people who had been exposed to a high civilization that of China ; they were cultured if illiterate, and in every sense the match of the frightened adversaries whom they met in Europe . When we examine the details of these invasions, we see that it was not one simple inroad, but a series of them in which a perplexing confusion of names is involved. Chief of the newcomers, after the Huns, were the Avars, who arrived in the sixth century. The Huns considered these their kinsmen and equals, and later amalgamated with them after the Avars had, in the eighth century, been defeated by Charlemagne and had retreated, some to Hungary and others to the Don country.

From the fall of the Huns until the rise of the Mongols some thousand years later, the history of central Asia is simply a repetition of the same theme; some obscure sub-tribe would become important, win leadership over the others, and head new invasions of increasing complexity. The history of southern Russia became extremely complicated, for the steppes of the Don country served as a terminal point for all but the most serious of these movements.

After the Avars came the Turks, called Tü-Küe, hereditary iron-work-ers, who had been an old clan of the Hiung-Nu. They defeated the Avars in 546 A.D., and settled about the Caspian Sea; from here they conducted their raids and expanded, and gave their name to the whole linguistic sub-stock of Altaic which all of them, Huns included, seem to have spoken. It is probable that their speech superseded many older allied forms.

In the guise of Petchenegs and Kumans, in the tenth and eleventh centuries new waves of Turks moved across the southern Russian steppes as far as the Danube . As Seljuks, the Turks took charge of Asia Minor and fought the Crusaders; as Osmanlis, they conquered the Seljuks, withstood the Mongol advance, captured Constantinople, and swarmed over the Balkans and up to Vienna . But meanwhile, in the thirteenth century, other Turks under Mongol leaders, now for the first time called Tatars, had covered southeastern Europe ahead of the Osmanlis; and, in the fourteenth, hordes of true Mongols had followed, leaving permanent settlements in the Caucasus, the Kalmuck Steppe, and the Crimea.

In the fifteen hundreds, the tide commenced to turn in eastern Europe; the Muscovites grew powerful, and the Asiatic invaders began to draw eastward as the steppes were peopled with Slays. Under the rule of the Turks and Mongols, the older population had not entirely disappeared; colonies of Alans persisted until the thirteenth century, and Russian colonies lived under the protection of the Turkish Khazars. In the same fashion, the Turks and Mongols did not disappear with the Slavic advance, and their colonies in the midst of Slavic territory are still numerous.

There is an abundance of documents dealing with the invasion of Europe by the Huns and by their relatives the Avars. These inroads took place shortly after the expansion of the Germanic peoples to the east, and formed a primary reason for the failure of the Goths and Vandals to found a permanent home in the former Scythian country. They took place, also, before the major expansion of the Slavs, who moved eastward in the interim between the invasion of central Europe by the Huns and the wholesale westward migration of the Magyar ancestors under Árpád.

They are purely dolichocephalic, with a cranial index of 71.7. On the whole, they are just what one would expect from a Danish Iron Age - Upper Palaeolithic cross, with the latter in the majority, and this explanation agrees well with the archaeological data. The stature, 169.5 cm., fits both types. There is another possibility, however, that they had a strong Corded element. That some Corded blend entered into this mixture was indeed likely, but it is impossible to substitute the Corded for the Palaeolithic element, since the high vault of the former is not in sufficient evidence, and the faces of the Norwegians are wider than either Corded or Nordic.

That the Huns came in great numbers cannot be questioned, and that they introduced a completely alien racial type onto European soil is vividly attested by the accounts of numerous contemporary historians, among whom may be mentioned Jordanes, Sidonus, Appolinaris, and Priscus. These authors unanimously describe the Huns as being short, broad shouldered, thick-set, swarthy, flat-nosed, slit-eyed, nearly beardless, and bandy-legged. The Avars are described by some authors as being identical with the Huns, but by others as being less horrible of aspect. According to that Byzantine wit, Jordanes, the Avars defeated the Iranian-speaking Alans, who were the descendants of the Sarmatians, by frightening them with their faces and not by valor.

The careful studies of Bartucz, on whose work this following part is almost entirely based, has disclosed, in unquestioned manner, the exact racial composition of these invaders.⁹ (See Appendix I, col. 51.) Many of the Hunnish and Avar cemeteries are very extensive, containing, in all, thousands of skulls. In many of these cemeteries, particularly in that of Mosonszentjános, purely mongoloid skeletons have been found, unaccom-panied by European followers or European mixture.

Bartucz finds two clearly differentiated mongoloid types in these cemeteries. The first, which he designates as type A, is dolicho- to mesocephalic with a mean index of 75.5 for the males and 77.0 for the females. These skulls are of great length and considerable size. The forehead is very narrow, the temples sharply curved, and the zygomatic arches laterally bowed. The occiput is narrow and conical at the end. From the side profile, the forehead appears exceptionally low and slanting. The vertex falls well back of bregma, and the profile is curved through the extent of its length. In the occipital region the line of neck muscle attachment forms a powerful torus.

The vault of this type is lower than that found in any European group. It is, in fact, near the low point for mankind, with a range in height from 120 to 130 mm. The browridges, accentuated by the extreme slope of the forehead, are heavy, but the glabella region is flat, the orbits are rounded, and with the lower border often projecting farther forward than the upper. The nasal bones are long, narrow, and flat; so that the nasal skeleton sometimes fails to project in front of the malars. The lower borders of the nasal opening are smoothly rounded. The malars are extremely large and prominent, the canine fossa completely lacking, and the maxillary sinus, which overlies it, is so blown out that the surface of the bone is at this point often raised. The dental arch of the palate is U-shaped. The mandible is heavy, but the chin, however, but slightly developed. The whole sub-nasal portion of the face is enormous. The stature of this type, calculated from the long bones, is 164.4 cm. for the males, 153.1 cm. for the females.

Type B is also purely mongoloid, but it is brachycephalic, with a mean index of 83 for both sexes. The forehead is also low, but much broader and more sharply curved, the occiput is rounded and broad, and the skull as a whole is globular, although the vault is still low. The face is broad and low, the orbits are lower, the nose less leptorrhine, the malars and zygomata less pronouncedly mongoloid, than in the case of type A. The nasal bones are shorter, the palate broader and rounder, the chin more prominent. This type is characterized by shorter stature; 160.9 cm. for the males, and 152.8 cm. for the females.

Thanks to the industrious researches of the modern Russian school of physical anthropology, it is not difficult to discover the Asiatic relationships of these two types. Type A is found today among the living Tungus,¹⁰ and it has likewise a long history in Siberia, for it is found among many Siberian peoples, including Palaeasiatics, and it is characteristic of many of the Neolithic skulls excavated in the neighborhood of Lake Baikal.¹¹ Type B belongs to the Mongol-speaking peoples, and is found in especial purity among the Buryats, who represent, culturally and probably racially, the Mongols before the time of their expansion. Modern Buryat skulls are among the largest in capacity known.

In most Hunnish and Avar cemeteries, type B is more in evidence than type A. Type A, however, predominates in the cemeteries which are known to have been used by the Huns, type B in those which belong to Avars. The Avar cemeteries contain also, in many cases, intermediate types which show that these people had begun to mix with members of the white stock, either in central Asia, in Europe , or both, and other cemeteries in which the white element is in the majority. The leading classes of the Huns and Avars, however, appear to have kept themselves apart, and to have preserved their mongoloid racial types pure throughout the centuries of their political domination. In the graves which are most richly furnished, and which show that the occupants were men of power and consequence, the mongoloid types are unaltered. The two graves of known Avar heroes contain skeletons belonging purely to type B.

Bartucz's identification of type A predominantly with the Huns, and B with the Avars, seems valid. That the two intermarried freely is shown by the fact that in single graves containing a man and wife, the Jwo are often of opposite types. In such cases of differential mating, there is no linkage between sex and type, indicating that A and B were socially equal. It is very likely that the initial amalgamation of these two types took place in Mongolia , and not in Europe . Also, the presence of numerous interme-diate forms attests this freedom of intercourse. Individual Hunnish skulls found as far afield as Lower Austria and France may be easily identified with the crania from Hungary , and belong in known cases to type B.¹²

A further light upon the physical characteristics of the Huns is shown by a study of Hunnish head hair, from graves of this period. A sample of it is very fine, straight, and jet black.¹³ In color and in form, this hair was classically mongoloid, There is two type of mongoloied people like north Mongolia{Siberia},kazakastan,kirgista and Alaskan{Eskimo} are taller,big body and white like European but preserving 100% mongoloied stock but in south part Mongolian people are short and dark that’s why many European people are confused and given name white huns>

The female hunnish skull picture.

Notes:

8.       McGovern, W. M., Early Empires of Central Asia . I am indebted to Dr. McGovern for permission to make use of his book before publication.

9.       Bartucz, L., ZFRK, vol. 1, 1935, PP. 225-240; Skythika, vol. 2, 1929, pp. 83-96; vol. 4, 1931, pp. 75-90; ESA, vol. 5, 1930, Pp. 66-73.
Krecsmarik, E., Dolgozatok, voL. 3, 1927, pp. 160-166.
Lebzelter, V., MAGW, vol. 65, 1935, pp. 44-46.

10.   Roguinski, A., RAJ, vol. 23, 1934, pp. 105-126.

11.   Debetz, G., RAJ, vol. 19, 1930, pp. 7-50.

12.   Lebzelter, V., MAGW, vol. 65, 1935, pp. 44-46.
Zaborowski, S., RA, vol. 24, 1914, pp. 318-320.

13.   Greguss, P., Dolgozatok, vol. 7, 1927, p. 232.

A brief summary of the early history of turkish tribes and their mongol origins. Which is written by lonian Sword on 08-20-2006.

The origional turks were pure mongoloied people.

The Turkic people originated from the northern branch of Mongoloid that initially inhabited around the lake Baikal in Siberia . Also based on scripts and excavations it is known to scientists today that one of the earliest known Turkic people, the Quanyi, lived in Ordos and Inner Mongolia . They shared ancestors with other Altaic people like Mongols and Tsungusic people. The Turks/Turkut/Tujue was originally pure mongoloids, like mongols.
After their conquest of Central Asia, they mixed with some White people who occupied oasys cities in the Tarim Basin at that time. After that they were more like Mongoloid still, but they were not pure Mongoloids either but still they kept the mongol spirit of their forefathers and still their language was mongol as most of their customs and uniforms also. Turkic peoples in general, incluiding the Tu Jue, the Ding Lin and Gui Fang and the rest of the Turanians as well were recorded from Chinese scripts of the time to have slanted eyes, long but not thick facial hair and lots of body hair (body hair was a feature they got after mixing with the few withes they conquered as body hair is something that pure mongols dont have).
The Tujue/Turku/Turuk/Turks were divided cause of their gerography location into two basic and very simmilar groups (each group consists also of many smaller groups of Turkish/Turanian tribes) : The Eastern turku (Dong Tujue) and the Western turuk (Xi Tujue). In the 7th century, during the time of Ishbara Khaghan, the Western turku was re-organised into ten tribes and were given the name On Okh ("Ten Arrows" meaning Ten Tribes, in the language of another turanian turkish tribe it means ten allies). This On Okh was divided into two groups: the Nushibi (West) and the Tolu ( East). The On Okh also incluided the Turgish and Pecheneg Turks, the Turgish later disappeared from history after 766 (they probably assimiliated into the Kharlukh Turks and later the Oghuz Turks). The Pechenegs migrated to Eastern Europe but they were massacred by the Khypchakh Turks in 1092 . The remaining Pechenegs melted in the European Oghuz and Khypchakh Turks.
The Eastern turku people became subjects of the Orkhun Uyghur Khaghanate (another Turkish/turanian tribe that united under its control the rest tribe at this time)also known as the Tokhuz Oghuz-On Uyghur Khaghanate. In 840, the fierce Khyrghiz (another turkish/turanian tribe) invaded Mongolia and destroyed the Uyghur Khaghanate; the Uyghurs migrated to Turfan and Kansu , where they founded two smaller khaghanates.
The Orkhun Uyghurs (composed of Ten Tribes) were living together with the Tokhuz Oghuz (Nine Tribes). However, in 840, when Mongolia fell in chaos, the turku disappeared, the Uyghurs scattered to two regions and the Tokhuz Oghuz were left alone. These Nine tribes migrated to Western Turkistan after 840 and settled on the plains north of the Aral Sea and Syr-Derya. There, the Nine Tribes mixed with some other turkish tribes who inluided Turkic and a few Iranic ramnents, some of the original tribes splitted and re-arraned to form new tribes; thus forming the OGHUZ TURKS (Uz/Uzoi in Greek, Tork/Torki in Russian, Ghuz in Arabic). During the 10th-11th centuries, these Oghuz were made up of 22 tribes (as a result of mixing and re-arrangements). During the 12th century (ot after the 1070s), they became 24 tribes.
The Oghuz had established a state north of the Aral-Syrderya. This state was destroyed by the newly-arrived Khypchak-Kuman Turks (who had broken from the main Kimek Turks in Sourthwestern Siberia; the Kimek were the descendants of the Chik people) in 1030; some of the Oghuz fled to the Pontic Steppes (where they were named as Torki by the Russians) and later migrated to Romania-Dobruja-Moldova. Most of the larger body of Oghuz gathered around Selchuck/Selchur/Salchukh Begh (son of Commander Dukhakh from the Khynykh tribe) and became Muslim; they first migrated to Transoxiana but they were expelled from there by the Khara-Khanid Turkish Dynasty. The Muslim Oghuz (called Turkman/Turkoman or Turkmen meaning "Muslim Turks") then fled to Khorasan-Turkmenistan. There, a small group of them broke and went to Iraq (who formed today's Iraqi Turkmans). Some of the larger body stayed there and became the Eastern Turkmans while yet a larger group went to Iran , Armenia-Azerbaijan and finally to Anatolia/Ionia. As you know, the "Byzantine" Greek army was defeated by the Salchukhid/Selchuid sultan Alp Arslan in August 26 1071; after the battle, thousands of Turkmens (still calling themselves as Oghuz, which was abandoned after the 11th-12th centuries) entered Anatolia/Asia Minor and settled there. In the 13th century, a new wave of Turkmens entered Anatolia ; this time, these Turkmens were a large group of the Eastern Turkmens fleeing from the Mongol Invasions. Among the second wave of migrations was the Khay tribe which later established the Osmanli or Ottoman Sultanate.
The Khay founded the Ottomans, the Khynykh founded the Salchukhids/Selchuchids, the Afshars founded the Kharamanids and Qachar Dynasty in Iran . All were Oghuz Turks. The modern Turks in Anatolia and Balkans are the general mix of Turkmens who migrated to Asia Minor with Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Slavs. The Iraqi Turkmens are the smaller group that broke away in Khorasan. The Turkmens in Iran , Khorasan , Afghanistan and Turkmenistan are the Eastern Turkmens. The Muslim Oghuz that settled in Azerbaijan were re-named as Azeris.
The Western Turkmens, Eastern Turkmens and Azerisall are from the Oghuz. The Oghuz are the mixture of Tokhuz Oghuz and other turkish tribes. The Tokhuz Oghuz are one part of the turanian/turkish nation, who descended from the Ding Ling. And those are what we call today Turks. But its well known that those are not the only Turks; There are also the Uyghurs, the Kutrigurs,Oghuz/T.Oghuz, Khazars, Sabars,Avars,Tatars, Mongols, Khouns,Huns, Hunogundur, Oghurs, Khyrghiz, Kharlukhs, Turgish, Pechenegs, Khypchakhs, Kimeks, Kumans and many many other turanian/turkish/mongoloid tribes.

Here is a statue of Kul Tegin born in 685 and died in 731, he was the high commander of Eastern Türük armies, one of the greatest warlord of the turkish tribes and one of the greatest hero's for Turks today. This statue is located in the Museum of Ulaanbaatur , capital of Mongolia . The strong mongol features are presented in his head statue clearly. A typical turanoid mongol.

The mongoloied ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire, also called Osmanic Empire or Osmanian Empire (1299–1922) (Old Ottoman Turkish: Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu), was a multi-ethnic and multi-religious Turkish-ruled state. The state was known as the Turkish Empire or Turkey by its contemporaries; see the other names of the Ottoman State. It was succeeded by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed in 1923.

At the height of its power (16th – 17th century), it spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar (and, in 1553, the Atlantic coast of Morocco beyond Gibraltar) in the west to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the east, from the edge of Austria, Slovakia and parts of Ukraine in the north to Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia and Yemen in the south. The Ottoman Empire contained 29 provinces, in addition to the tributary principalities of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia.

The empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. The Ottoman Empire was, in many respects, an Islamic successor to earlier Mediterranean empires — namely the Roman and Byzantine empires. But unfortunately present day turkey cannot represent Mongoloid feature because they were already mixed with white race for centuries but still they hold the Mongol spirit and culture.

MONGOL EMPIRE.

1162 AD reincarnation of evil born in central Asia Mongolia name of their leader was gengiz khan{Temujin the birth name}. when he born he was holding blood in his hand later who killed the 8 million people more than first and second world wars. They were so farce and ruthless fighter who build nothing destroy everything. They were the horror of world. They were the guru of the archery and horse. They were unique fighter when they run from enemy run the horse like lightening and shoot the arrow almost hundred percent accurate turning their head  and shoulder from the horse. This kind of warfare is almost impossible for tall and heavy Europeans. They learned the lessons from their ancestor huns and avars.Their horse is smaller in size and run so rapid. They can hide easily in battlefield but instead European horse were too big and dull. They can live without eating  and drinking for a month in any terrain like cold,hot,dessert ,mountain. Without the horse Mongol were never succeed in history. Mongol warrior when they get  hunger and thirst  without  food. They broke the vain  of their horse and drink blood. Like their ancestor Hun horse is everything for them. They drink horse milk, they eat and fight riding on horse. If there is  no horse Mongol were never written in history.untill the creation of gunpowder and gun nobody could challenge the Mongol in world. Mongol always faced their enemy out numbered when they broke war with Persian Mongol have only 50 thousand soldier but Persians have 4 hundred thousand because of their courage’s high degree of skilled warfare they succeed to win war.Gengiz khan said that mongol are superior race and every high position should be Mongolian. He used to say Mongolian people are specially created by divine of his own hand to rule the world.The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent Güren; 1206–1405) was the largest contiguous empire in world history and for some time was the most feared in Eurasia. It was the product of Mongol unification and Mongol invasions, which began with Temujin being proclaimed ruler in 1206, eventually sparking the conquests.

By 1279, the Mongol Empire covered over 33,000,000 km² (12,741,000 sq mi),[1] up to 22% of Earth's total land area. It held sway over a population of over 100 million people. However, by that time the empire had already fragmented, with the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate{means khan mongol and turkis word ruler of nation} being de facto independent and refusing to accept Kublai Khan as Khagan. By the time of Kublai Khan's death, with no accepted Khagan in existence, the Mongol Empire had already split up into four separate khanates.

During the beginning of the 14th century, most of the khanates of the Empire gradually broke off. They went on to be absorbed and defeated.

Genghis Khan through political manipulation and military might, united the nomadic, previously ever-rivaling Mongol-Turkic tribes under his rule by 1206. He quickly came into conflict with the Jin Dynasty empire of the Jurchens and the Western Xia of the Tanguts in northern China. Under the provocation of the Muslim Khwarezmid Empire, he moved into Central Asia as well, devastating Transoxiana and eastern Persia, then raiding into Kievan Rus' (a predecessor state of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine) and the Caucasus. Before dying, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons and immediate family, but as custom made clear, it remained the joint property of the entire imperial family who, along with the Mongol aristocracy, constituted the ruling class.

Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c. 1200.

Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis' death

·1206: Upon domination of Mongolia , Temüjin from the Orkhon Valley received the title Genghis Khan, thought to mean Oceanic Ruler or Firm, Resolute Ruler

· 1207: The Mongols began operations against the Western Xia, which comprised much of northwestern China and parts of Tibet. This campaign lasted until 1210 with the Western Xia ruler submitting to Genghis Khan. During this period, the Uyghur Turks also submitted peacefully to the Mongols and became valued administrators throughout the empire.

·  1211: Genghis Khan led his armies across the Gobi desert against the Jin Dynasty of northern China .

·1218: The Mongols captured Zhetysu and the Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar.

·1218: The execution of Mongol envoys by the Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad set in motion the first Mongol westward thrust.

·1219: The Mongols crossed the Jaxartes (Syr Darya) and begin their invasion of Transoxiana.

·1219–1221: While the campaign in northern China was still in progress, the Mongols waged a war in central Asia and destroyed the Khwarezmid Empire. One notable feature was that the campaign was launched from several directions at once. In addition, it was notable for special units assigned by Genghis Khan personally to find and kill Ala al-Din Muhammad II, the Khwarazmshah who fled from them, and ultimately ended up hiding on an island in the Caspian Sea.

·1223: The Mongols gained a decisive victory at the Battle of the Kalka River, the first engagement between the Mongols and the East Slavic warriors.

·1227: Genghis Khan's death; Mongol leaders returned to Mongolia for kuriltai. The empire at this point covered nearly 26 million km², about four times the size of the

Mongol invasion of Central Asia

Mongol successfully ivaded all central asia like kazakastan kirgistan,china.azerbaizan,turkiministan.

·The Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221. It marked the beginning of the Mongol Conquest of the Islamic States, and it also expanded the Mongol invasions, which would ultimately culminate in the conquest of virtually the entire known world, save for Western Europe, Scandinavia, the Byzantine Empire, Arabia, Africa, Indian subcontinent, Japan and parts of Southeast Asia.

Ironically, it was not originally the intention of the Mongol Khanate to invade the Khwarezmid Empire. Indeed, Genghis Khan had originally sent the ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire, Ala ad-Din Muhammad , a message greeting him as his equal: "you rule the rising sun and I the setting sun." The Mongols' original unification of all "people in felt tents", unifying the nomadic tribes in Mongolia and then the Turcomens and other nomadic peoples, had come with relatively little bloodshed, and almost no material loss. Even his invasions of China , to that point, had involved no more bloodshed than previous nomadic invasions had caused.[1]

It would be the invasion and utter destruction and complete devastation of the Khwarezmid Empire which would earn the Mongols the name for bloodthirsty ferocity that would mark the remainder of their campaigns. In this brief war, lasting less than two years, not only was a huge empire destroyed utterly, but Genghis Khan introduced the world to tactics that would not be seen again until the Germans used them so well in World War II - indirect attack, and complete and utter terror and slaughter of populations wholesale as weapons of war.[1]

Origins of the conflict

After the defeat of the Kara-Khitais, Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire had a border with the Khwarezmid Empire, governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad. The Shah had only recently taken some of the territory under his control, and he was also busy with a dispute with the caliph in Baghdad. The Shah had refused to make the obligatory homage to the Caliph as titular leader of Islam, and demanded recognition as Sultan of his Empire, without any of the usual bribes, or pretend homage. This alone had created him problems along his southern border. It was at this junction the Mongol Empire, expanding incredibly, made contact. [2] It is possible that Genghis Khan's long term goal was to take advantage of the internal instability of the Shah's empire. However, in the short term, it is clear that Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia as a commercial partner and started a correspondence with the shah in 1218 in order to establish trade between their empires. Mongol history is adamant that the Great Khan at that time had no intention of invading the Khwarezmid Empire, and was only interested in trade and even a potential alliance. (It must be noted that Genghis Khan eventually abrogated every allegiance he ever made, but in the short term, he probably did not intend to invade the Khwarezmid Empire when he did)[3]

The shah was very suspicious of Genghis' want for a trade agreement and messages from the shah's ambassador at Zhongdu in China describing the exaggerated savagery of the Mongols when they assaulted the city during their war with the Jin Dynasty.[4] Of further interest is that the caliph of Baghdad , An-Nasir, had attempted to instigate a war between the Mongols and the Shah some years before the Mongol invasion actually occurred. This attempt at an alliance with Genghis was done because of a dispute between Nasir and the Shah, but the Khan had no interest in alliance with any ruler who claimed ultimate authority, titular or not, and which marked the Caliphate for an extinction which would come from Genghis' grandson, Hulegu. At the time, this attempt by the Caliph involved the Shah's ongoing dispute with wanting to be named sultan of Khwarezm, something that Nasir had no wish to do, as the Shah refused to acknowledge his authority, however illusory such authority was. However, it is known that Genghis rejected the notion of war as he was engaged in war with the Jin Dynasty and was gaining much wealth from trading with the Khwarezmid Empire.

Genghis then sent a 500-man caravan of Muslims to officially establish trade ties with Khwarezmia. However Inalchuq, the governor of the Khwarezmian city of Otrar, had the members of the caravan that came from Mongolia arrested, claiming that the caravan was a conspiracy against Khwarezmia. It seems unlikely, however, that any members of the trade delegation were spies. Nor does it seem likely that Genghis was trying to provoke a conflict with the Khwarezmid Empire, considering he was still dealing with the Jin in northeastern China .[3]

Genghis Khan then sent a second group of three ambassadors (one Muslim and two Mongols) to meet the shah himself and demand the caravan at Otrar be set free and the governor be handed over for punishment. The shah had both of the Mongols shaved and had the Muslim beheaded before sending them back to Genghis Khan. Muhammad also ordered the personnel of the caravan to be executed. This was seen as a grave affront to the Khan himself, who considered ambassadors "as sacred and inviolable."[5] This led Genghis Khan to attack the Khwarezmian Dynasty. The Mongols crossed the Tien Shan mountains, coming into the Shah's empire in 1219.

Initial Invasion of Khwarezmia

After compiling information from many intelligence sources, primarily from spies along the Silk Road, Genghis Khan carefully prepared his army, which was organized differently from Genghis' earlier campaigns. (see "Mongol military tactics and organization" for overall coverage). The changes had come in adding supporting units to his dreaded cavalry, both heavy and light. While still relying on the traditional advantages of his mobile nomadic cavalry, Genghis incorporated many aspects of warfare from China , particularly in siege warfare. His baggage train included such siege equipment as battering rams, gunpowder, trebuchets, and enormous siege bows capable of throwing 20-foot arrows into siege works. Also, the Mongol intelligence network was formidable. The Mongols never invaded an opponent whose military and economic will and ability to resist had not been thoroughly and completely scouted. For instance, Subutai and Batu Khan spent a year scouting central Europe, before destroying the armies of Hungary and Poland in two separate battles, two days apart.[6]

The size of Genghis' army is often in dispute, ranging from a small army of 90,000 soldiers to a larger estimate of 250,000 soldiers, and Genghis brought along his most able generals to aide him, the dreaded "dogs of war". Genghis also brought a large body of foreigners with him, primarily of Chinese origin. These foreigners were siege experts, bridge-building experts, doctors and a variety of speciality soldiers

A minaret in Samarkand .

But it is vital to note at this juncture that it was in this invasion that the Khan first demonstrated the concept of indirect attack, that would so mark his career, and even that of his sons and grandsons. The Khan divided his armies, and literally sent one force solely to find and execute the Shah - so that a ruler of an Empire as large as the Mongols, with an army which was larger, was literally forced to run for his life in his own country, [2] as various Mongol armies decimated his forces piecemeal, and began the utter devastation of the country which would so terribly mark their other conquests in history.

The Shah's army, numbered roughly 400,000, was split among the various major cities. This was done because of two reasons. Firstly, the Shah was fearful of his army being in one large unit. He did not want the army to be under a single command structure, one that could possibly be turned against him. Secondly, the Shah's reports from China seemed to indicate that the Mongols were not experts in siege warfare and experienced problems attempting to take fortified positions. This proved to be a disastrous decision on the Shah's part as the campaign unfolded.

Tired and exhausted from the journey, the Mongols still won their first victories against the Khwarezmian army. A Mongol army, under Jochi, with 25,000 to 30,000 men, attacked the Shah's army in southern Khwarezmia and prevented the much larger Shah army from forcing them into the mountains.[7] The primary Mongol army, headed personally by the Khan, quickly sieged the town of Otrar, reaching the city in the fall of 1219. For five months Genghis sieged the city before he managed to storm the main part of the city, by entering a sally port gate that was not secured.[7]

Another month went by before the citadel at Otrar was taken. Inalchuq held out until the end, even climbing to the top of the citadel in the last moments of the siege, throwing down tiles at the oncoming Mongols. Genghis killed many of the inhabitants, enslaving the rest, and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for the death of Genghis' caravan.

Sieges of Bukhara , Samarkand , and Urgench

Genghis had sent one of his generals, Jebe, far to the south, at the head of a small army, intending to cut off any retreat by the Shah to the southern half of his kingdom. Further, Genghis and Tolui, at the head of an army of roughly 50,000 men, skirted past Samarkand and went westwards, intending to siege the western city of Bukhara first. Bukhara was not heavily fortified, with a moat and a single wall, plus the typical citadel that every Khwarezmi town had. The garrison at Bukhara was made up of Turkish soldiers and led by Turkish generals. They attempted to break out on the third day of the siege, but the break out force, comprising as many as 20,000 men, were annihilated in open battle. The city leaders opened the gates to Bukhara , though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia , young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery. This was to be Genghis' typical treatment of captured cities throughout the rest of the campaign. As the Mongol soldiers looted the city, a fire broke out, razing the majority of the city to the ground.[7]

After the fall of Bukhara , Genghis headed west, towards the Khwarezmi capital of Samarkand and arrived at the city in March 1220. Samarkand was significantly more fortified and there were as many as 100,000 men defending the city. As Genghis began besieging the city, his sons Chaghatai and Ögedei joined him after finishing off the reduction of Otrar and the joint Mongol forces launched an assault on the city. Using prisoners as body shields, the Mongols attacked. On the third day of fighting, the Samarkand garrison launched a counterattack. Feigning retreat, Genghis reportedly drew out a garrison force of 50,000 outside the fortifications of Samarkand and slaughtered them in open combat. Muhammad attempted to relieve the city twice, but was driven back. On the fifth day, all but an approximate 2,000 soldiers surrendered. The remaining soldiers, diehard supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel. After the fortress fell, Genghis reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand .

Around the fall of Samarkand , Genghis Khan charged Subutai and Jebe, two of the Khan's top generals, with hunting down the Shah, who had fled westwards to escape the Mongols. The Shah fled with some of his diehard soldiers and his son, Jalal Al-Din, towards the shores of the Caspian Sea, where he was taken to a small island out in the sea. It was there that the Shah died. Most scholars attribute his death to pneumonia, but others cite the sudden shock of the loss of his empire and his power. This was in December 1220. Meanwhile, the wealthy trading city of Urgench was still in the hands of Khwarezima forces. Previously, the Shah's mother had ruled there, but she fled and was captured when she learned her son had fled to the Caspian Sea . She was imprisoned and sent back to Mongolia . One of Muhammad's generals, a man by the name of Khumar Tegin, had declared himself Sultan of Urgench. Jochi, who had been on campaign in the north since the invasion, approached the city from that direction, whereas Genghis, Ögedei, and Chaghatai attacked Urgench from the south.

The siege and assault on Urgench proved to be the hardest battle in the entire course of the invasion. The city was built along the river Amu Darya in a marshy delta area. The soft ground did not lend itself to siege warfare, and there was a lack of large stones for the catapults. The Mongols assaulted regardless, and after the defenders put up a stout defense, fighting block for block, the city fell. Mongolian casualties were higher than normal, due to the difficult city fighting that did not lend well to Mongolian tactics. The taking of Urgench was further complicated by Genghis' eldest son, Jochi, who had been promised the city as his prize. It must be noted that there had always been tension between Jochi and his father. It was this battle, that brought that tension to a point it would mean permanent estrangement between the two. Jochi's mother was the same as his three brothers, Genghis's "official" sons. Genghis Khan's teen bride, and apparent lifelong love, was Borte - only her sons would command as sons of the Khan, not the illegitimate sons conceived by the Khan's 500 or so other "wives and consorts." But Jochi had been conceived in controversy. Borte was captured in the early days of the Khan's rise, and held prisoner while she was raped. Jochi was born nine months later, and while Genghis Khan chose to acknowledge him as his oldest son, (primarily due to his love for Borte, whom he would have had to reject if he rejected her child) tension always existed over Jochi's true parentage. Ultimately, the single quarrel would destroy the unity of the Mongol Empire.[1] But the tension was present as Jochi engaged in negotiations with the defenders, trying to get them to surrender so that as little of the city as possible was undamaged. This angered Chaghatai, and Genghis headed off this sibling fight by appointing Ögedei the commander of the sieging forces and Urgench fell. But the removal of Jochi from command, and the sack of a city he considered promised his, enraged him, estranged him from his brothers, and is credited with being essentially the final straw for a man who saw his younger brothers being promoted over him, despite his own considerable military skills.[2] As usual, the artisans were sent back to Mongolia , the young women and children were given to the Mongol soldiers as slaves, and the rest of the population was massacred. The Persian scholar Juvayni states that 50,000 Mongol soldiers were given the task of executing twenty-four Urgench citizens each, which would mean that 1.2 million people were killed. While this is almost certainly exaggeration, the sacking of Urgench is considered one of the bloodiest massacres in human history

The Khurasan Campaign

As the Mongols battered their way into Urgench, Genghis dispatched his youngest son Tolui, at the head of an army, into the western Khwarezmid province of Khurasan . Khurasan had already felt the strength of Mongol arms. Earlier in the war, the generals Jebe and Subatai had travelled through the province while hunting down the fleeing Shah. However, the region was far from subjugated, many major cities remained free of Mongol rule, and the region was rife with rebellion against the few Mongol forces present in the region after the rumors of Jalal Al-Din gathering an army to fight against the Mongols. Tolui's army consisted of somewhere around 50,000 men, which was composed of a core of Mongol soldiers (some estimates place it at 7,000[8]), supplemented by a large body of foreign soldiers, such as Turks and previously conquered peoples in China and Mongolia . The army also included "3,000 machines flinging heavy incendiary arrows, 300 catapults, 700 mongonels to discharge pots filled with naphtha, 4,000 storming-ladders, and 2,500 sacks of earth for filling up moats."[5] The major city to fall to Tolui's army was the city of Merv. Juvayni wrote of Merv: "In extent of territory it excelled among the lands of Khurasan, and the bird of peace and security flew over its confines. The number of its chief men rivaled the drops of April rain, and its earth contended with the heavens."[8]

The garrison at Merv was only about 12,000 men, and the city was inundated with refugees from eastern Khwarezmid. For six days, Tolui besieged the city, and on the seventh day, he assaulted the city. However, the garrison beat back the assault and launched their own counter-attack against the Mongols. The garrison force was similarly forced back into the city. The next day, the city's governor surrendered the city on Tolui's promise that the lives of the citizens would be spared. As soon as the city was handed over, however, Tolui reneged on his promise and slaughtered almost every person who surrendered, in a massacre possibly on a greater scale than that at Urgench. After finishing off Merv, Tolui headed westwards, attacking the cities of Nishapur and Herat. Nishapur fell after only three days and Tolui put every living thing in city, including the cats and dogs, to the sword[8]. After Nishapur's fall, Herat surrendered without a fight. By spring 1221, the province of Khurasan was under complete Mongol rule. Leaving garrison forces behind him, Tolui headed back east to rejoin his father

The Final Campaign and Aftermath

After the Mongol campaign in Khurasan, the majority of the Shah's army was broken. Jalal Al-Din, who took power after his father's death, began assembling the remnants of the Khwarezmid army in the south, in the area of Afghanistan. Genghis had dispatched forces to hunt down the gathering army under Jalal Al-Din, and the two sides met in the spring of 1221 at the town of Parwan. The engagement was a humiliating defeat for the Mongol forces. Enraged, Genghis headed south himself, and defeated Jalal Al-Din on the Indus River. Jalal Al-Din, defeated, fled to India . Genghis spent some time on the southern shore of the Indus searching for the new Shah, but failed to find him. The Khan returned northwards, content to leave the Shah in India .

The Mongol Empire launched several Mongol invasions into the Indian subcontinent from 1221 to 1327. However, most of attacks unreached success, Mongols threatened Indian locals and leaders for so long. After the collapse of the Mongol Empire, the final Turco-Mongol invasion occurred when Timur sacked and plundered Delhi, the capital of the Delhi Sultanate, though he left India soon after

After the remaining centers of resistance were destroyed, Genghis returned to Mongolia , leaving Mongolian garrison troops behind. The destruction and absorption of the Khwarezmid Empire would prove to be a sign of things to come for the Islamic world, as well as Eastern Europe .[7] The new territory proved to be an important stepping stone for Mongol armies under the reign of Genghis' son Ögedei to invade Kievan Rus' and Poland, and future campaigns brought Mongol arms to Austria, the Baltic Sea and Germany. For the Islamic world, the destruction of Khwarezmid left Iraq, Turkey and Syria wide open. All three were eventually subjugated by future Khans.

The war with Khwarezmid also brought up the important question of succession. Genghis was not young when the war began, and he had four sons, all of whom were fierce warriors and each with their own loyal followers. Such sibling rivalry almost came to a head during the siege of Urgench, and Genghis was forced to rely on his third son, Ögedei, to finish the battle. Following the destruction of Urgench, Genghis officially selected Ögedei to be successor, as well as establishing that future Khans would come from direct descendants of previous rulers. Despite this establishment, the four sons would eventually come to blows, and those blows showed the instability of the Khanate that Genghis had created.

Jochi never forgave his father, and essentially withdrew from further Mongol wars, into the north, where he refused to come to his father .[1] - indeed, at the time of his death, the Khan was contemplating a march on his rebellious son. While Jochi acknowledged officially the rule of Ögedei, he never accepted it literally, and that bitterness, transmitted to his sons, and especially grandsons, Batu and Berke Khan, (of the Golden Horde) who would conquer Kiev Rus, and the Russian States, brought open warfare to the empire, and its fall.[6] When the Mamluks of Egypt managed to inflict one of history's more significant defeats on the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, Hulegu Khan, one of Genghis Khan's grandsons by his son Tolui, who had sacked Bagdad in 1258, was unable to avenge that defeat when Berke Khan, his cousin, (who had converted to Islam) attacked him in the Transcaucus to aid the cause of Islam, and Mongol battled Mongol for the first time. The seeds of that battle began in the war with Khwarezmid when their fathers struggled for supremacy.

Notes

1.Nicolle, David. The Mongol Warlords

2.Saunders, J.J. The History of the Mongol Conquests

3.Hildinger, Eric. Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia , 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700

4.Soucek, Svatopluk A History of Inner Asia

5.Prawdin, Michael. The Mongol Empire.

6.Chambers, James. The Devil's Horsemen

7. Morgan, David The Mongols

8. Stubbs, Kim. Facing the Wrath of Khan.

References

oAmitai-Preiss, Reuven. The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, Cambridge University Press, 1996. (ISBN 0-521-52290-0)

oChambers, James. The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe , Atheneum, 1979. (ISBN 0-689-10942-3)

oHildinger, Erik. Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia , 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700, Sarpedon Publishers, 1997. (ISBN 1-885119-43-7)

o Morgan, David. The Mongols, 1986. (ISBN 0-631-17563-6)

o Nicolle, David. The Mongol Warlords, Brockhampton Press, 1998.

oReagan, Geoffry. The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles, New York : Canopy Books, 1992.

o Saunders, J.J. The History of the Mongol Conquests, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971. (ISBN 0-8122-1766-7)

oSicker, Martin. The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna , Praeger Publishers, 2000.

o Soucek, Svatopluk. A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge , 2000.

o Stubbs, Kim. Facing the Wrath of Khan.]]

Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire (Persian:  Solṭanat Moġuli Hend; Urdu:  Muġalīh Sulṭanat; self-designation Gurakâni), was an imperial power which ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th to the mid-19th centuries[1]. At the height of its power, around 1700, it controlled most of the subcontinent and parts of what is now Afghanistan. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 130 million, over a territory of over 4 million km² (1.5 million mi²).[2] Following 1725 it declined rapidly. Its decline has been variously explained as caused by wars of succession, agrarian crises fuelling local revolts, the growth of religious intolerance and British colonialism. The last Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, whose rule was restricted to the city of Delhi, was imprisoned and exiled by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The classic period of the Empire starts with the accession of Akbar the Great in 1556 and ends with the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, although the Empire continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions of India . All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period.

Mughal is the Persian word for Mongol and was generally used to refer to the Central Asians who claimed descent from the Mongol warriors of Genghis Khan. The foundation for Mughal empire was established around 1504 by the Timurid prince Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, when he took control of Kabul and eastern regions of Khorasan controlling the fertile Sindh region and the lower valley of the Indus River.[3]

In 1526, Babur defeated the last of the Delhi Sultans, Ibrahim Shah Lodi, at the First Battle of Panipat. To secure his newly founded kingdom, Babur then had to face the Rajput confederacy under the leadership of Rana Sanga of Chittor, at the battle of Khanwa. These early military successes of the Mughals in India , achieved by an army much smaller than its opponents, have been attributed to their cohesion, mobility, horse-mounted archers, and use of artillery.[4]

Babur's son Humayun succeeded him in 1530 but suffered major reversals at the hands of the Pashtun Sher Shah Suri and effectively lost most of the fledgling empire before it could grow beyond a minor regional state. From 1540 onwards Humayun became a ruler in exile, reaching the Court of Safavid ruler in 1542 while his forces still controlled some fortresses and small regions. But when the Afghans fell into disarray with the death of Sher Shah Suri, Humayun returned with a mixed army, raised more troops and managed to reconquer Delhi in 1555.

His son Akbar was an infant when Humayun decided to cross the rough terrain of Makran with his wife, and so was left behind to keep him from the rigours of the long journey. Since he did not go to Persia with his parents, he was eventually transported from the Rajput fortress of Umarkot in Sind where he was born to be raised for a time by his uncle Askari in the rugged country of Afghanistan . There he became an excellent outdoors man, horseman, hunter and learned the arts of the warrior.

Within a few months after the resurgent Humayun conquered the central plateau around Delhi , he was killed in an accident, leaving an unsettled realm still involved in war. Akbar (1556 to 1605) succeeded his father on 14 February 1556, while in the midst of a war against Sikandar Shah Suri for the reclamation of the Mughal throne. Thus, he was thrust onto the throne and soon recorded his first victory at the age of 13 or 14, and the rump remnant began to grow, then it grew considerably, so that he became called Akbar, as he was a wise ruler, set fair but steep taxes, he investigated the production in a certain area and the inhabitants were taxed accordingly 1/3 of the agricultural produce. He also set up an efficient bureaucracy and was tolerant of religious differences which softened the resistance by the conquered.

Jahangir, the son of Mughal Emperor Akbar and Rajput princess Mariam-uz-Zamani, ruled the empire from 1605–1627. In October 1627, Shah Jahan, the son of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and Rajput princess Manmati, succeeded to the throne, where he inherited a vast and rich empire in India; and at mid-century this was perhaps the greatest empire in the world. Shah Jahan commissioned the famous Taj Mahal (1630–1653) in Agra as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died giving birth to their 14th child. By 1700 the empire reached its peak with major parts of present day India, except for the North eastern states, the Sikh lands in Punjab, the lands of the Marathas, areas in the south and most of Afganistan under its domain, under the leadership of Aurangzeb Alamgir. Aurangzeb was the last of what are now referred to as the Great Mughal kings.

Religion

After the invasion of Persia by the Mongol Empire, a regional Turko-Persio-Mongol dynasty formed. Just as eastern Mongol dynasties inter-married with locals and adopted the local religion of Buddhism and the Chinese culture, this group adopted the local religion of Islam and the Persian culture. The first Mughal King, Babur, established the Mughal dynasty in regions spanning parts of present-day Pakistan and India. Upon invading this region, the Mughals inter-married with local royalty once again, creating a dynasty of combined Turko-Persian, and Mongol background. King Babur did this to create peace among the different religions in the region. Despite preaching Islamic values himself, Babur focused on setting a good example for the Mughal Dynasty by emphasizing religious tolerance. Because of inter married slowly they changed their Mongoloid stock to another and even start to copy to keep long bear and moustache like Indian people to make them happy and dissolve in their culture.

The language of the court was Persian. The language spoken was Urdūn, which today has advanced into Urdu. Urdūn originated from Persio-Arabic formation, and took on various characteristics of Persian, Chagatai, and Arabic. Today, Urdu is the National Language of Pakistan and is spoken by a small percentage of Indian Muslims.

The dynasty remained unstable until the reign of Akbar, who was of liberal disposition and intimately acquainted, since birth, with the mores and traditions of Islam in the Indian sub-continent. Under Akbar's rule, the court abolished the jizya (minor tax on non-Muslims comparable with zakat for Muslims) and abandoned use of the muslim lunar calendar in favour of a solar calendar . One of Akbar's most unusual ideas regarding religion was Din-i-Ilahi (Faith of God), which was an eclectic mix of Islam, Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Christianity. It was proclaimed the state religion until his death. These actions however met with stiff opposition from the muslim clergy, especially the Sufi Shaykh Alf Sani Ahmad Sirhindi. Akbar is remembered as tolerant, at least by the standards of the day: only one major massacre was recorded during his long reign (1556–1605), when he ordered most of the captured inhabitants of a fort be slain on February 24, 1568, after the battle for Chitor. Akbar's acceptance of other religions and toleration of their public worship, his abolition of poll-tax on non-Muslims, and his interest in other faiths show an attitude of considerable religious tolerance, which, in the minds of his orthodox Muslim opponents, was tantamount to apostasy. He made the formal declaration of his own infallibility in all matters of religious doctrine, promulgated a new creed, and adopted Hindu and Zoroastrian festivals and practices.

It is important to remember that the Mughals, while originally Sunnis from Afghanistan , converted to Shia as a pre-condition for the help extended by the Persian Emperor to Humayun to regain his Kingdom lost to Sher Shah. See Humayun Refuge in Persia. The Shah Tahmasp, unlike Humayun's own family, actually welcomed the Mughal, and treated him as an emperor of equal stature. Infact Humayun did not even meet the Shah until July, some six months after his arrival in Persia . After a lengthy journey from Herat the two met in Qazvin where a large feast and parties were held for the event. The meeting of the two monarchs is depicted in a famous wall-painting in the Chehel Sotoun (Forty Columns) palace in Esfahan. It is here that the Shah urged that Humayun convert from Sunni to Shia Islam, hinting that this would be the price of his support, and eventually and reluctantly Humayun did so, much to the disapproval of his biographer Jauhar. With this outward acceptance of Shi'ism the Shah was prepared to offer Humayun more substantial support. When Humayun's brother, Kamran, offered to cede Kandahar to the Persians in exchange for Humayun, dead or alive, the Shah refused. Instead the Shah threw a party for Humayun, with three hundred tents, an imperial Persian carpet, 12 musical bands and "meat of all kinds". Here the Shah announced that all this, and 12,000 choice cavalry were his to lead an attack on his brother Kamran. All that Shah asked for was that, if Humayun's forces were victorious, Kandahar would be his.

The succeeding Emperor, Akbar kept true to his father's converted faith and indeed it is during his time that observance of Shia festivals took a regular place in the state calendar. The emperor Jahangir was also a religious moderate. His mother being Hindu and his father setting up an independent faith-of-the-court ('Din-i-Illahi') and the influence of his two Hindu queens (the Maharani Maanbai and Maharani Jagat)kept religious moderation as a center-piece of state policy which was extended under the emperor Khusrau. Religious orthodoxy would only play an important role during the reign of Aurangzeb Ālamgīr, a devout Muslim. Aurangzeb considered himself Sunni and state persecution of Shias as well as non-Muslims reached a zenith under his reign. The religious tyranny unleashed by Aurangzeb to sanctify his warlust led to wars with the Hindu Rajputs, Marathas as well as Muslim kingdoms of Bijapur and Hyderabad and the complete subjugation of the Lucknow Nawabs. This last of the Great Mughals retracted most of the tolerant policies of his forbears. Under his reign the empire reached its greatest extent in terms of territorial gain and economic strength.

Economy

The Mughals used the mansabdar system to generate land revenue. The emperor would grant revenue rights to a mansabdar in exchange for promises of soldiers in wartime. The greater the size of the land the emperor granted, the greater the number of soldiers the mansabdar had to promise. The mansab was both revocable and non-hereditary; this gave the centre a fairly large degree of control over the mansabdars.

Establishment and reign of Babur

In the early 16th century, Muslim armies consisting of Mongol, Turkic, Persian, and Afghan warriors invaded India under the leadership of the Timurid prince Zahir-ud-Din-Muhammad Babur. Babur was the great-grandson of Central Asian conqueror Timur-e Lang (Timur the Lame, from which the Western name Tamerlane is derived), who had invaded India in 1398 before retiring to Samarkand. Timur himself claimed descent from the Mongol ruler, Genghis Khan. Babur was driven from Samarkand by the Uzbeks and initially established his rule in Kabul in 1504. Later, taking advantage of internal discontent in the Delhi sultanate under Ibrahim Lodi, and following an invitation from Daulat Khan Lodhi (governor of Punjab) and Alam Khan (uncle of the Sultan), Babur invaded India in 1526.

Babur, a seasoned military commander, entered India in 1526 with his well-trained veteran army of 12,000 to meet the sultan's huge but unwieldy and disunited force of more than 100,000 men. Babur defeated the Lodhi sultan decisively at the First Battle of Panipat. Employing firearms, gun carts, movable artillery, superior cavalry tactics, and the highly regarded Mughal composite bow, a weapon even more powerful than the English longbow of the same period, Babur achieved a resounding victory and the Sultan was killed. A year later (1527) he decisively defeated, at the Battle of Khanwa, a Rajput confederacy led by Rana Sanga of Chittor. A third major battle was fought in 1529 at Gogra, where Babur routed the joint forces of Afghans and the sultan of Bengal. Babur died in 1530 in Agra before he could consolidate his military gains. During his short five-year reign, Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings, though few have survived. He left behind as his chief legacy a set of descendants who would fulfil his dream of establishing an Islamic empire in the Indian subcontinent.

Successors

Mughal Emperors
Emperor		Name	Reign start	Reign end
Babur		Zahiruddin Mohammed	1526	1530
Humayun		Nasiruddin Mohammed	1530	1540
Interregnum *		-	1540	1555
Humayun		Nasiruddin Mohammed	1555	1556
Akbar		Jalaluddin Mohammed	1556	1605
Jahangir		Nuruddin Mohammed	1605	1627
Shah Jahan		Shihabuddin Mohammed	1627	1658
Aurangzeb		Muhiuddin Mohammed	1658	1707
Shah Alam I		Muazzam Bahadur	1707	1712

* Afghan Rule (Sher Shah Suri and his descendants)

Babur's will to Humayun

According to the document available in the State Library of Bhopal, Babur left the following will to Humayun:

"My son take note of the following: do not harbor religious prejudice in your heart. You should dispense justice while taking note of the people's religious sensitivities, and rites. Avoid slaughtering cows in order that you could gain a place in the heart of natives. This will take you nearer to the people.

"Do not demolish or damage places of worship of any faith and dispense full justice to all, to ensure peace in the country. Islam can better be preached by the sword of love and affection, rather than the sword of tyranny and persecution. Avoid the differences between the Shias and Sunnis. Look at the various characteristics of your people just as characteristics of various seasons."These mongol mughal were so wise and fierce fighter.

References

1. "India History, Mughal History in India"

2. John F Richards, The Mughal Empire, Vol I.5 of the New Cambridge History of India , Cambridge University Press, 1996

3.  The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Timurid Empire)

4.  The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)

5. Mahajan, Vidya Dhar. "Jahangir", Muslim Rule In India , 151.

6.  Iran in the Age of the Raj

7. Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India (Revised edition, Oxford University Press India , 2001) 317–51.

8. M. Athar Ali, The Mughal nobility under Aurangzeb. Revised ed. (Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1997) 11.

9. The Baburnama Ed. & Trans. Wheeler M. Thackston ( New York ) 2002 p. 352

GURKHA SOLDIER{MONGOL PEOPLE}.

The gurkha one of the fearsome warrior in the world history. In west they are known as  human being without heart. Once upon time they shaken world fighting alongside with the Britain. They are not tall but famous for bravery, courageous and art of warfare in the world. They are the most dissuplined soldier like their ancestor mongol.When they draw the khukuri in battle field and run to cut of f the enemies head  enemy look at them

Like scapegoat{BALIKO TOHOLAYEKO BOKA} They come and cut off their  enemies head.Khukuri used to be deadly weapon of ancient kiranti.Still always kiranti people carry their  khukuri in east. Without khukuri and without gurkha they were incomplete absence of one. To be complete should be gurkha and khukuri.There is myth once draw the khukuri and must draw the blood as well in battle field. During the first and second world war khukuri is considered as unexploded bomb and gurkha not human but something terror force like dark cloud. Once upon time German emperor KAISAR WILLIUM ||{DUTIYA}.Said that I am ready to let my dear soldier to fight with any army in the world but when I hear  the name of gurkha soldier I start to tremble from inside the heart. Same thing German president Hitler who shaken world. People think he is reincarnation of Satan had said that if I get gurkha soldier in my hand without doubt I will destroy the world. General Gillespie who came to attack Nepal later wrote about Ghurkhas saying like this RUN THEY WOULD NOT,DIE WITHOUT FEAR,I NEVER SEEN SUCH EXTRA ORDINARY BRAVERY HISTRY OF MY LIFE.

There is statue of gurkha soldier in front of parliament square in London. Professor Sir Ralph Turner MC.Wrote wonderful word about gurkha soldier saying like this,

{BRAVEST OF  BRAVE

MOST GENEREOUS OF THE GENEREOUS

NEVER HAD COUNTRY MORE FAITHFUL

FRIENDS THAN YOU}

I would like to mention  when and where they fight alongside with the Britain which is list below.

Friest World War

1914 - 1918

France&Belgium

Gallipoli{Turkey}

Egypt&Palestine

Mesopotamia

Second World War

1939 - 1945

North Africa

Italy

Greece

Persia,Iraq,Syria

Malaysia,Singapore

Burma.

India 1816 - 1826

North East Frontiere&Burma 1824 - 1939

Friest Sikh war 1845 - 1846

North West Frontiere 1852 - 1947

India Mutiny 1857 - 1859

Bhutan 1864 - 1866

Malaya 1875 -1876

Second Afgan War 1878 - 1880

Sikkim - 1888

China - 1900

Tibet - 1904

Third Afgan  War - 1919

Kurdistan - 1919

Iraq - 1919 - 1920

North West Persia - 1920

Malabar - 1921 - 1922

Palestine - 1945 - 1946

Java&Sumatra - 1945 - 1946

Indo chin - 1945 - 1946

Malaya 1948 - 1960

Brunei 1962

Borneo 1963 - 1966

Malaya Peninsula 1964 - 1965

Falkland Island - 1982

The Gulf - 1990 - 1991

Bosnia - 1996

These are the major wars but minor war which they fought is uncountable all around the world.

The gurkha mongol soldier they never knew themselves how important are they?Even the great power America wanted to employ in his country but British government blocked Same like Israel,Brunei,France,germany all of them wanted to take gurkha but why is this?  gurkhas never know their power themselves. This power knew by British government so still gurkha is securing their interest all around the world. If there was not mongoloied soldier then Nepal never could be unified in history. Like  that war with Tibet and British east India company the real fighter soldier was mongol But that times of government doesn’t wanted to  write in history. There was some chetries and bramhins battalion in gurkha regiment in very beginning  during the period of east India company but British knew them they are not good fighter and trust worthy like mongoloied gurkha soldier  so British selected them and left them in India only start to take mongoloied  soldier specially Rai,limbu, sunuwar from east and Gurung and magar from west. They formed such formidable battalion which no body could challenge. They were almost unique invincible force.

IT WAS THE MONGOLOIED PEOPLE WHO FRIEST REACHED THE AMERICAN CONTINENT AND NEWZEALAND.

Friest people who reached the American continent and newzealand was mongoloied people.

Scholars who follow the Bering Strait theory agree that most indigenous peoples of the Americas descended from people who probably migrated from Siberia{the mongoloied people.They reached whole America north to south these people are called Indians.who lived in cuba were used to call tyno Indians another who lived in Alaska are called Eskimo and Hawain people and mauri people of newzealand (native people) who have complete mongoloied stock} across the Bering Strait, anywhere between 9,000 and 50,000 years ago. The timeframe and exact routes are still matters of debate, and the model faces continuous challenges.

A 2006 study (to be published in Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology) reports new DNA-based research that links DNA retrieved from a 10,000-year-old fossilized tooth from an Alaskan island, with specific coastal tribes in Tierra del Fuego, Ecuador, Mexico, and California.[5] Unique DNA markers found in the fossilized tooth were found only in these specific coastal tribes, and were not comparable to markers found in any other indigenous peoples in the Americas . This finding lends substantial credence to a migration theory that at least one set of early peoples moved south along the west coast of the Americas in boats. However, these results may be ambiguous, as there are other issues with DNA research and biological and cultural affiliation as outlined in Peter N. Jones' book Respect for the Ancestors: Cultural Affiliation and Cultural Continuity in the American West.

One result of these waves of migration is that large groups of peoples with similar languages and perhaps physical characteristics as well, moved into various geographic areas of North, and then Central and South America . While these peoples have traditionally remained primarily loyal to their individual tribes, ethnologists have variously sought to group the myriad of tribes into larger entities which reflect common geographic origins, linguistic similarities, and lifestyles.[6]

Remnants of a human settlement in Monte Verde, Chile dated to 12,500 years B.P. (another layer at Monteverde has been tentatively dated to 33,000-35,000 years B.P.) suggests that southern Chile was settled by peoples who entered the Americas before the peoples associated with the Bering Strait migrations. It is suggested that a coastal route via canoes could have allowed rapid migration into the Americas But interestingly all of the america ’s native people are belongs to mongoloied people.in south America still we can see there were many mongoloied civilization like Maya {tribe},Aztec{tribe},{Tyno Indians, who used to smoke cigar in cuba.Nowadays that cigar is very famous and expensive in world}.These red India mongol people were so fierce fighter they do not hesitate to kill and die.European colonised them only help of gun without they were dead people. Even you can’t imagine to fight with them.America was naturally  such beautiful country once it was recognise as land of PACHI{RED INDIAN},WOLF AND WILD BUFFALLO but nowadays recognise as land of opportunity of all people of world.

Reference:

: Models of migration to the New World, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact, Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas, and Solutrean hypothesis.

MONGOLOIED CHINA WHO FRIEST DESCOVER THE WORLD THAN EUROPEAN.

1421 The Year China Discovered the World
Gavin Menzies retired submarine commander
Published by Bantam Press, London

"...On the 8th of March, 1421, the largest fleet the world had ever seen sailed from its base in China. The ships, huge junks nearly five hundred feet long and built from the finest teak, were under the command of Emperor Zhu Di's loyal eunuch admirals. Their mission was 'to proceed all the way

to the end of the earth to collect tribute from the barbarians beyond the seas' and unite the whole world in Confucian harmony. The journey would last over two years and circle the globe.

When they returned Zhu Di lost control and China was beginning its long, self-imposed isolation from the world it had so recently embraced. The great ships rotted at their moorings and the records of their journeys were destroyed. Lost was the knowledge that Chinese ships had reached America seventy years before Columbus and circumnavigated the globe a century before Magellan. They had also discovered Antarctica, reached Australia three hundred and fifty years before Cook and solved the problem of longitude three hundred years before the Europeans..." There is huge evidence mongol Chinese people already made so much sophisticated ships and fleets.when they invade japan that European doesn’t have sophisticated one.All the maps were gathered from Chinese source and finally European came out for discover But this is not realy discover because someone already discovered.

Here I would like described how Mongols fleet attacked Japanese but unfortunetly this time they were not succeed not because of war because it was so bad weather windy and gust and many ships sunk.This proved Japanese were sent to be ruled japan from divine.

It was the year 1281 and over 70,000 men and 4,400 ships were launched to conquer Japan . But the largest armada the world had ever seen ... vanished without a trace.

700 years later, one man believes he has found the lost fleet. Kenzo Hayashida is Japan 's leading marine archaeologist and he has spent the last 15 years devoted to the search for the lost fleet of Kublai Khan. Salvaging clues from the seabed he fits the pieces of the puzzle together, hoping to solve the riddle of the lost armada.

Kenzo's task will not be easy, for 700 years the fate of the fleet has remained one of Japan 's most enduring mysteries.

Khubilai Khan's ancestors were nomads, tribes of horsemen who roamed central Asia . In the early 1200's his grandfather, Genghis Khan, united the tribes and led them on a rampage of conquest. In Kublai Khan's lifetime, the vast area of eastern Asia was under his control, then he conquered China . But this was not enough.

Having declared himself as the new Emperor of China and the ruler of most of Asia he needed to demonstrate his power and so, he summoned his greatest general and gave him a challenge no Mongol had ever faced before. He wanted him to cross 500 miles of ocean and conquer Japan . The Mongols were not accustomed to fighting at sea.

On the eastern coast of his empire, Khubilai Khan forced thousands of Chinese subjects to construct the fleet. Under the tyrannical rule of their Mongol masters, they achieved the task in breakneck speed. Khubilai Khan had allowed them about one year to build this enormous fleet. By August 1281 Khubilai Khan had 4,400 ships at his disposal. The biggest invasion fleet the world had ever seen. The next biggest comparable fleet was the 4,000 ships assembled by the allies for the D-Day landings in 1944.

As soon as it was ready the Mongol invaders set off, target Japan . The impact of an invasion force of this size, on the Japanese, would have been enormous.

Kenzo would prefer to explain the disappearance through scientific investigation as he doesn't believe it was an answer to a prayer that saved his country. The earliest known records are held on a priceless scroll held in the Hakozaki Shrine. Painted in 1293, just 12 years after the attempted invasion, it is the only surviving pictorial record of the Mongol ships. The scroll does not explain the fleet's disappearance, but images of Mongols and Japanese fighting suggests that the fleet reached Japan 's shores

Kenzo Hayashido wants to start his search for the lost fleet on the coastline of Japan , but this is no easy task. Japan is composed of a chain of over 3,000 islands, stretching for 2,000 miles. A chance find gives him his first clue. On the shores of the tiny Takashima island, a fisherman has stumbled on a metal object covered in a foreign script. When Kenzo first sees it he, at once, knows it is a perfectly preserved brass seal with distinctively Mongolian markings. With this discovery< Kenzo has narrowed his search from thousands of islands to just one. Kenzo now assembles an international team of divers, archaeologists and marine scientists.

Using side-scan sonar they locate a number of large objects, However the objects are under a thick layer of silt, so they must dive and clear the silt. To do this they employ high-powered vacuum pumps, which is a very slow process as the silt in some places is 12m thick. After months of painstaking work, they find a large wooden structure which turns out to be an anchor. Analysing the wood reveals that, without a doubt, it came from China .

Returning to the dive site, hoping to find the ship that the anchor came from, results in more intrigue as what they do find are nine more anchors. After many more weeks of searching, their luck changes and they find the helmets of the Mongol warriors, weapons such as sword blades and quivers of arrow-heads, and human remains. All of this is sufficient to convince Kenzo that the lost fleet sank off the coast of Takashima .

Hayashida may have found the lost fleet, but this only deepens the mystery. What happened to this large, technologically advanced, well-armed force?

The Mongol force had the attacking advantage and the better armaments. Long range bows and an exploding shrapnel-loaded bomb called a tetsuhau. While they attacked from the ships, they had superiority, but when the Mongol infantry attempted to land, they were driven back by the greater skill of the Samurai. With the Mongols unable to establish a beach-head and the Japanese unable to attack the ships of the fleet a standoff was reached. This continued for many weeks and it was likely that the invaders, on the ships, were running out of food and were suffering illness and low moral

Kenzo revisits the information they have gleaned so far looking for further clues. He is sure that the ten anchors they have found are significant. The fact that they were all aligned in the same direction, towards the shore, suggested that some force was driving the ships landward.

Kenzo recalls an old legend that was once used to explain the fleet's disappearance. The legend speaks of their saviour being a divine wind. However, the Hakazoki scroll makes no mention of a divine wind or any other phenomenon.

It is possible that a typhoon was responsible for the sinking of the ships as August and September, when the fleet was anchored off Takashima, is right in the middle of the typhoon season. However, after consulting typhoon experts, Kenzo learns that it is very unlikely that a typhoon would have sunk all of the ships. At the time, the Chinese were among the best shipbuilders in the world and these ships should have been very sea-worthy

Further investigation of the artefacts recovered from the seabed revealed that many of the craft making up the fleet were simple riverboats that would not stand up to a storm. Furthermore, of the ships that were constructed for the endeavour, many were of of poor build quality due to the use of a conscripted workforce.

Given these final factors, a typhoon would certainly have caused colossal damage to this ill-equipped, ill-manned mission

Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times - Morris Rossabi (read this book if you like to know more detail about this war).

HOLIGRATIVE PSYCHO-HISTORY OF INDIA

V. George Mathew

Holigrative Psychology Institute, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 583

After having long period of study v.george Mathew found that mongoloied people have very active and aggressive gene.He tried to explain in incient hindu book which is mention about chetri were not Aryan they were mongol people.Who always sacrifice himself as warrior.Probably later within indo Aryan people claim themselves as chetri but it’s not true.Bramhin people who married another cast and birth of that child automatically dawn his position from bramhin to chetri which is really ridicules.In that case VICHCHU PRAPANNA CHARYE is right.He said pure chetri were mongoloied kirant but it was criticized by many kiranti’s.Origion of jat{chetri} people was from the jata of lord siba who born for to rule the world which is written in bed.In fact lord siba himself was kiranti anciestor because of that pure chetri tribe in ancient time might be mongoloied people.Same thing west view mongoloied people as yellow and red colour like red Indians who are mongoloied people.In bed it is written that colour of chetri is RED. A boyar, also spelled boya (meaning Hunter) is the name of a caste. A leader of a group or Head of Territory. Boya is called as Naidu. The Boyar community constitute the Non-orthodox Kshatriya or Warrior class of India. They are all believed to have originated from an ancient people called Kirata. Boya caste corresponds to Kiratas of Sanskrit writers, the Warriors, Hunters and Mountaineers. As the names indicate, they belonged to one of the hill tribes who subsisted by hunting and tending cattle.

Boyars are Non-orthodox Kshatriya or Vratya Kshatriya according to Manu's script. They are called 'Boya' also known as descendants of Kirata (Sanskrit). Kiratas are described in the Kirata-Parva and Vana-Parva of Mahabharata and they were considered so powerful that even Lord Shiva is said to have taken the form of a Kirata. Kiratas and Shakas were considered to be Kshatriyas of good birth, according to Mahabharat. These communities were included among the suryavamshi or chandravamshi kshatriyas in the wake of battle, a generic term in Sanskrit literature for people who lived in the mountains, particularly in the Himalayas and North-East India and who were Mongoloid in origin.Manu’s script clearly mentioned ancient chetri were pure mongoloied non aryan and their origion is from north east india where used to be kirant deshe{land of kirant} and origionally were kiranti.This can clearly describe that ancient chetri were pure mongoloied not aryan but only stolen that posion by this aryan people.Like KHAN TITLE from mongolia has been stolen by this pakistani and some indian people.Khan is mongolian word.Whatever the past but present chetries are not mongoloied people they are clearly indo Aryan people. George mathew tried to explain about mongoloied people like saying like this in his book,

Southern Mongoloids are of short stature.  Northern Mongoloids are tall probably as a result of mixing with the Nordic race. Mongoloids have round faces. They have relatively short arms and legs.  They have heavily padded face and slanting eyes. They spread north and through the Bering straight crossed over to the Americas .  Another branch spread south and populated south east Asia.   Around 10,000 B.C. they started pouring into India also through Asam.  This migration continued till very recent times. They spread west along the sub-Himalayan valleys and they also spread south near the Bay of Bengal coastlands.   These Mongoloids (after considerable mixing with natives of south east Asia) mixed with the different local Indianoid populations in varying degrees.  The Mongoloid race has a typical sex-wise division of occupational roles.   Females do all the work and males specialise in fight.  The yellow race also has a very clear ingroup-outgroup mechanism.  They are very close to those whom they perceive as members of their ingroup.  They have no hesitation in killing or fighting those whom they perceive as  outgroup.  They are fierce warriors and once they start fighting they forget their own personal safety (Bruce Lee and Jackie Chaan in films).   They fight sacrificing themselves for group protection.  The British recognised this characteristic and formed the Gurkha regiment. They tend to eat everything.  Local Indian tribes with a great deal of Mongoloid mix became aggressive tribes and those with less Mongoloid mix show more docile and lazy characteristics.when the physical work comes chetries and bramhins scared and step back. past time they used to say Bramhin shouldn’t plough the land and carry Doko.This is purely nothing because of religion this is because of lazy characterstic.When the other cast plough and harvest the crops he is there to eat first, think yourself what shame. These chetri and Brahmins people who made Nepal the begging bowl and beggar for all neplese.We earn the reputation of Nepal but they destroy our reputation wherever they go. They never had done good things for Nepal and neplese people. Whenever the opportunity comes they first to say they are nepali and ready to sell neplese,gurkhas name in foreign country and finally destroy reputation with bad manner.They are useless, talkative,greedy and selfish people.  I hope indigenous people of Nepal can identify this disease and restore their ancient Mongol pride in Nepal .

By Chandra Prakash Sunuwar
Dhobighat, Lalitpur, Kathmandu
Email: cpsunuwar@hotmail.com

 http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&ved=0CFMQFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.menyangbo.com%2FWe%2520Kirant%2520Mongol%2520Race.docx&ei=IPxGUeWgK4HtrAexv4Aw&usg=AFQjCNEv8bCpPRge0M1SkvLvspLeSUdagg&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk

THANKS TO:   CHANDRA PRAKASH SUNUWAR, DHOBIGHAT, LALITPUR, KATHMANDU